Name: pain signaling and inflammation
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:49:14.000Z
Duration: 1 min 44 s
Channel: JoVE

- [강사] 통각수용은 일반적으로 통증이라고 하며유해한 자극이 말초신경계와중추신경계를 통해 전달되어잠재적 위해나 부상 가능성을경고하는 과정입니다손상 신호가 감지되면자유 신경 종단부인 통각 수용체가 활성화됩니다근처의 비만 세포는 히스타민 같은 화학 물질을 방출하는데반면, 대식세포는 사이토킨이라는작은 단백질을 분비하는데요이는 면역 신호에 매우 중요한 요소입니다동시에, 통각 수용체의 축은척수의 배 측 뿔에 신호를 전송합니다주로 두 가지 다른 통증 섬유를 통해서요가장 먼저 활성화되는 것은가느다란 골격인 A-델타 섬유인데이 섬유는 매우 빠른 속도로 즉각적으로날카롭고 잘 국소화된 통증을 일으켜신체가 해로운 자극에서 벗어날 수 있게 해줍니다또 다른 형태의 축은 C 섬유로이 섬유는 미립자가 될 때 천천히 진행되며오랫동안 타는 듯한 고통을 전달합니다척수로부터 통증 신호가 교차하여뇌간으로 이동하는데요이어서, 탈하부와 중증감피질이 이어집니다이는 통증 신호를 해석하는 장소로서부상의 위치를 알아냅니다추가 뇌 부위는 고통을 처리하는데특히 코티콜림브 구조는특히 편도체와 감정적 기억과 인식에 관련된전두엽 피질을 포함합니다궁극적으로, 뇌 내의 여러 상호작용은개인이 경험하는 주관적인인식에 기여합니다

세인트 존 스미스, 이완. "통각 감각과 신경병성 통증에 대한 이해의 발전." 신경학 저널 265, no. 2 (2018): 231–38. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-017-8641-6" target="__blank">출처</a>]

Pinho-Ribeiro, Felipe A., Waldiceu A. Verri, and Isaac M. Chiu. "통증과 염증에서의 통각(유해) 수용기 감각 뉴런-면역 상호작용(Nociceptor sensory Neuron-immune interactions in Pain and inflammation)". Trends in Immunology 38, no. 1 (January 2017): 5–19. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2016.10.001" target="__blank">소스</a>]

통각

Nociception

고통을 느끼는 능력인 통각(nociception)은 유기체의 생존과 안녕에 필수적입니다. 날카로운 물체의 찌르는 듯한 통증, 불꽃의 열, 부식성 화학물질과의 접촉과 같은 유해한 자극은 신경 끝에 위치한 통증수용체(nociceptor)라고 불리는 감각수용체(sensory receptor; 감각수용기)에 의해 먼저 감지됩니다. 통증수용체는 유해 자극을 전기 신호로 변환하는 이온 채널을 표현합니다. 이러한 신호가 감각 뉴런(sensory neuron)을 통해 뇌에 도달하면 통증으로 인식됩니다. 따라서 고통은 유기체가 유해한 자극을 피하는 데 도움이됩니다.
 
 면역 체계(immune system)는 통증 병리학에서 필수적인 역할을 합니다. 유해한 자극을 받으면 부상 부위에 존재하는 비만세포(mast cell)와 대식세포(macrophage)와 같은 면역 세포는 사이토카인(cytokine; 시토카인), 케모카인(chemokine; 키모카인), 히스타민(histamine), 프로스타글란딘(prostaglandin)과 같은 염증 화학 물질을 방출합니다. 이 화학물질은 단핵구(monocyte)와 T 세포(T cell)와 같은 다른 면역세포들을 상처 부위에 유인합니다. 또한 통증수용체를 자극하여 이전에 고통스러웠던 자극에 대한 보다 강력한 반응인 통각과민(hyperalgesia), 또는 가벼운 접촉과 같은 정상적인 무해한 자극에 대한 고통스러운 반응인 이질통(allodynia)을 유발합니다. 이러한 통증 민감성(sensitization)은 치유 중에 다친 부위를 보호하는 데 도움이 됩니다.
 
 민감성이 시간이 지나도 해결되지 않으면 통증은 급성 경고 체계 역할을 벗어나게 됩니다. 만성 통증(3개월 이상 지속하거나 재발하는 통증)은 류머티스 관절염(rheumatoid arthritis)과 같은 염증 질환을 동반하는 경우가 많습니다. 아스피린이나 이부프로펜과 같은 비스테로이드성 소염제(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, 줄여서 NSAID)는 염증 분자 프로스타글란딘의 합성을 억제함으로써 고통을 줄여줍니다. 하지만, 현재 고통과 싸우는 데 사용되는 NSAID와 아편유사제(opioid)는 심각한 부작용과 중독 가능성을 안고 있습니다. 그러므로, 통증 병리학에 기반한 기작을 이해하는 것은 덜 심각한 부작용과 함께 통증 인식을 억제하는 더 효과적인 약을 개발하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있습니다.

통증을 느끼는 능력인 통각(Nociception)은 유기체의 생존과 전반적인 웰빙에 필수적입니다. 피어싱 등의 유해 자극 ...

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Biology

생물학

Human Biology

인체 생물학

Musculoskeletal System

근골격계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

pain signaling and inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals.

Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an important part of survival and overall well-being.

The immune system also shapes pain after an injury. Mast cells and macrophages at the injury site release inflammatory chemicals such as cytokines, chemokines, histamines, and prostaglandins. These signals attract more immune cells, including monocytes and T cells, and they also stimulate nociceptors.

This immune response can increase pain sensitivity. Hyperalgesia is a stronger response to a stimulus that was already painful. Allodynia is pain caused by something that is usually not painful, such as light touch. These changes help protect the injured area during healing.

Pain can become a problem when sensitization does not fade. Chronic pain is persistent or recurring pain that lasts longer than three months. It often occurs with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen, reduce pain by blocking the production of prostaglandins. However, NSAIDs and opioids can cause serious side effects and may lead to addiction, so researchers continue to study pain mechanisms to find safer drugs.

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

what is the skeletal system?

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a Long Bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

Types of Joints in the Human Body

Joints are the places where adjacent bones connect. They are also called articulations or articular surfaces. Joints help the body move and stay stable. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. Structural classification depends on the material that forms the joint and whether there is a space between the bones. By structure, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and have no cavity between the bones. Because of this, they do...

bone remodeling

How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

skeletal muscle anatomy

Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

classification of skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped by how fast they contract and how they make ATP, the energy cells use for movement. These differences also shape their physical features. Most human muscles contain all three fiber types, but in different amounts. Slow oxidative fibers, also called slow-twitch fibers, appear red because they have many capillaries and high levels of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing protein. They also contain more mitochondria, which make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation,...

muscle contraction

Nerve Signals That Trigger Muscle Contraction

Nerve signals trigger muscle contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscle, but the two muscle types use different control systems. In skeletal muscle, the signal begins at the motor end plate, which is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In smooth muscle, contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and happens without conscious control. In skeletal muscle, motor nerve terminals release acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma,...

cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

Calcium control in muscle contraction depends on ATP, motor neurons, and the sliding action of actin and myosin. As a muscle contracts, the thin and thick filaments overlap more, and the sarcomere, which is the contractile unit of the muscle, becomes shorter. This process uses energy from ATP and happens in a repeating cycle at the molecular level. Myosin drives the movement of actin through a cross-bridge cycle. When ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolyzed to ADP, myosin shifts into a...

motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Learn how nociceptors detect harmful stimuli, how inflammation boosts pain sensitivity, and why chronic pain can persist after injury.

Pain Signaling and Inflammation | JoVE K12

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Pain Signaling and Inflammation

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