Name: ancient clues to climate change
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 50 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.5.2

Global Climate Change

지구는 오랫동안온난기와 냉각기를 반복하고 있습니다.하지만, 지난 몇 세기 동안,전 세계적으로 지구의 일반적인 주기를 벗어나기온이 급격하게 상승하고 있습니다.온난화는이산화탄소와 같은 대기의 온실가스가지구와 오존층 사이에 갇히게 되면 발생합니다.이산화탄소는 장파 적외선 태양 에너지를 흡수하여이 태양 에너지가 우주 외부로 다시 나가지 못하게 되어그 결과, 대기 온도가 상승하게 됩니다.이는 온실효과라는 자연적인 과정이지만지구 대기에 있는 이산화탄소의 양이 석탄과 석유의 연소로 인해급격하게 증가하는 것은 자연적인 과정이 아닙니다.이러한 원인에 의해 나타나는 온도 상승은전세계에서 나타나고 있습니다.예를 들면, 북극에서는 만년설이 녹아,해수면이 상승하고, 내륙 침수가 나타나고 있습니다.이러한 현상은 해안도시를 위협할 뿐만 아니라,가뭄, 허리케인, 대규모 폭풍과 같은 매우 심각한 이상기후도더 빈번하게 초래하고 있습니다.또한, 많은 동물들의 이주와 번식 패턴이 수십년 전과 비교했을 때올해는 더 빨리 나타나고 있습니다.그뿐만 아니라, 동물 종의 분포 규모도 감소하고 있습니다.하지만, 지구 온난화에 대한 회의론자들의 관점은 다릅니다.기업들이 친환경적인 관행을 늘리면인간이 지구 온난화에 미치는 영향을 줄일 수 있고,지구 기후 변화가 미치는 심각한 영향을 피할 수 있는 기회가 있다고 주장합니다.

Castellano, E., S. Becagli, M. Hansson, M. Hutterli, J. R. Petit, M. R. Rampino, M. Severi, J. P. Steffensen, R. Traversi 및 R. Udisti. "남극 대륙 돔 C (EDC96) 얼음 코어를 위한 유럽 프로젝트의 황산염 층서학에 기록된 홀로세 화산 역사." 지구 물리학 연구 저널: Atmospheres 110, no. D6 (2005). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005259" target="__blank">소스</a>]

양(Yang), 바오(Bao), 춘친(Chun Qin), 장린 왕(Jianglin Wang), 허민후이(Minhui He), 토마스 M. 멜빈(Thomas M. Melvin), 티모시 J. 오스본(Timothy J. Osborn), 키스 R. 브리파(Keith R. Briffa). "북동부 티베트 고원의 연간 강수량에 대한 3,500년 나이테 기록(A 3,500-year tree-ring record of year-water on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau)", 미국국립과학원회보(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) 111, no. 8 (February 25, 2014): 2903–8. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319238111" target="__blank">출처</a>]

지구 기후 변화

45억 년의 역사 동안 지구는 온난기와 냉각기를 경험해왔습니다. 그러나 현재 지구 기온의 급격한 상승은 지구의 주기적인 규범을 훨씬 벗어난 것이며, 이 변화가 인간이 일으킨 것이란 증거는 설득력이 있습니다. 고대 기후 조건에 대한 연구인 고기후학(paleoclimatology)은 최근의 기후와 과거의 기후를 비교함으로써 인간이 일으킨 지구 기후 변화에 대한 충분한 증거를 제공합니다.
 
 <h4>과거의 온난기와 냉각기</h4>
 
 지난 65만 년 동안에만 빙하의 진전과 후퇴가 7번 있었습니다. 11,000여 년 전, 가장 최근의 빙하기가 갑자기 막을 내렸습니다. 이는 우리가 살고 있는 현대 기후 시대인 홀로세(Holocene) 지질시대의 시작을 의미했습니다. 대부분의 역사적 기후 변화는 지구가 받는 태양 복사량을 변화시킨 지구 궤도의 작은 변화와 관련이 있었습니다.
 
 <h4>고기후학</h4>
 
 고기후학이란 지구의 지질학적 과거의 기후 조건과 그 원인과 영향에 관한 연구입니다. 고기후학자들은 지구의 기후와 대기 체계의 과거 상태를 추론하기 위해 다양한 과학적 방법을 사용합니다.
 
 <h4>빙하 코어 데이터</h4>
 
 두꺼운 산악 빙하와 극지방 빙상에서 채취한 빙하 코어(ice core) 표본은 지구 기후 변화에 대한 정보를 보여줄 수 있습니다. 얼음이 축적되는 계절의 일시적인 중단은 빙하 코어에 관측 가능한 층으로 나타날 수 있습니다. 이러한 층을 이용해 가장 낮은 층을 가장 오래된 층으로 잡아 연대기를 정할 수 있습니다. 그런 다음 연구자들은 지구의 고대 기후를 재구성하기 위해 빙하의 특성과 빙하 안에 갇힌 물질의 특성(예: 기포와 산소 및 수소 동위원소의 비율)을 분석할 수 있습니다. 유럽의 남극 대륙 빙하 코어 프로젝트(European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica)는 남극 대륙의 빙하 코어에 갇힌 화산재를 분석하여 홀로세 화산 역사에 대한 상세한 기록을 제공했습니다. 이 기록은 홀로세 동안 일어난 96건의 분화를 밝혔으며, 그중 33건의 분화는 지난 2천 년 동안 발생한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다.
 
 <h4>연륜기후학</h4>
 
 과학자들은 또한 연륜기후학(dendroclimatology; 나이테 기후학)이라고 불리는 분야에서 수목의 나이테를 조사함으로써 과거의 기후를 연구할 수 있습니다. 나이테는 유리한 조건에서는 더 넓고 혹독한 시기에는 더 좁습니다. 나이테는 표본과 표본의 테를 일치 시켜 정확하게 연대를 결정할 수 있습니다 (마찬가지로 고고학적 발굴에서 얻은 표본도 여기 쓰일 수 있습니다). 연륜기후학에는 한계가 있지만, 나이테는 특정 지리적 위치에 대한 고해상도 기후 기록을 만드는 데 사용할 수 있는 유용한 기후 대용물입니다.

~45억 년의 역사를 통틀어 지구는 온난화와 냉각의 시기를 경험했습니다. 그러나 현재 전 세계적으로 급격한 증가 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

생물학

Ecology

생태학

Biodiversity and Conservation

생물다양성과 보존

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

ancient clues to climate change

Ancient climate clues help scientists track global climate change. Paleoclimatology is the study of climate conditions in Earth’s past and the causes and effects behind them. By comparing recent climate patterns with older records, researchers can find strong evidence for human-caused warming.

Earth’s climate has changed many times over its 4.5 billion year history. In the last 650,000 years, there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat. The most recent ice age ended more than 11,000 years ago and began the Holocene, the modern climate era. Many earlier changes were linked to small shifts in Earth’s orbit that altered the amount of solar radiation reaching the planet.

Paleoclimatologists use several scientific methods to study the past climate and atmosphere. One major source is ice core data from thick mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets. Seasonal pauses in ice buildup create layers in the ice, and the lowest layers are the oldest. Scientists can study the ice itself and the trapped material inside it, such as air bubbles and ratios of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, to reconstruct ancient climate conditions.

Ice cores can also preserve volcanic ash. The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica used ash trapped in Antarctic ice cores to build a detailed record of Holocene volcanic history. That record showed 96 eruptions during the Holocene, including 33 eruptions in the last 2,000 years. Another useful climate proxy is tree rings. Dendroclimatology, the study of annual tree rings, shows that rings are wider in favorable conditions and narrower in harsh ones. Tree rings can be matched and dated across samples, even from archaeological digs, and they help create high-resolution climate records for specific places, although the method has limits.

Ancient Clues to Climate Change

what is weather?

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather

Weather is the current state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is temporary and changes from one location to another. Weather is shaped by the interaction of the sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Solar radiation reaches Earth and interacts with water and land. These surfaces release that energy as thermal radiation, or heat, which warms the air above them. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases. This heat retention is...

global climate change

Ancient climate clues help scientists track global climate change. Paleoclimatology is the study of climate conditions in Earth’s past and the causes and effects behind them. By comparing recent climate patterns with older records, researchers can find strong evidence for human-caused warming. Earth’s climate has changed many times over its 4.5 billion year history. In the last 650,000 years, there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat. The most recent ice age ended more than...

what is biodiversity?

Biodiversity Across Genes, Species, and Ecosystems

Biodiversity is the variety of living things at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It includes not only how many kinds of organisms exist, but also how they are related and how they interact with the world around them. Species diversity spans the full evolutionary tree. It includes single-celled prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea, as well as the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, and protists. About 1.75 million species have been identified so far, and scientists...

threats to biodiversity

How Humans Change Biodiversity

Human activity is changing biodiversity and pushing Earth toward a sixth extinction event. Earlier mass extinctions ended many species, and then new species spread into the changed environment. Today, the Holocene epoch is seeing a mass extinction linked to human actions, and it is often called the Anthropocene. Human numbers and human biomass show how large this impact has become. In 2019, the human population reached 7.7 billion and is projected to rise to 10 billion by 2060. By biomass,...

conservation of declining populations

Saving Species Through Population Recovery

Conservation of declining populations focuses on detecting a population drop, finding its cause, and stopping further loss. The goal is to prevent extinction by using scientific methods to identify the agents behind the decline. Once the cause is known, conservation teams can remove, oppose, or neutralize it. A common step is to test possible causes with a small trial group. If the cause is confirmed, the remaining animals may be moved to an unaffected area. When the population is too small or...

biodiversity and human values

Biodiversity in Food, Tools, and Medicine

Biodiversity supports human life through food, tools, medicine, and many other needs. Changes in the variety of species can also change the environment. Those environmental shifts can alter weather patterns and affect human civilizations. People have depended on biodiversity for agriculture since early human history. Agriculture began when ancestral humans found species that were good sources of food. At least 11,000 years ago, people started selecting plant and animal species to raise on...

what is conservation biology?

Protecting Biodiversity in Conservation Biology

Conservation biology is the science of protecting biodiversity and keeping ecosystems healthy. It looks at how living things, habitats, and human needs are connected. The goal is to preserve biodiversity so ecosystems can continue to function well. Healthy ecosystems provide people with important natural resources. These include food, medicines, and building materials. Ecosystems also deliver key services, such as cleaning air and water. Evidence shows that these services depend on...

what is climate?

Climate Patterns and Earth’s Energy Balance

Climate describes the usual weather conditions in a place over a long period of time. The idea is simple: climate is what you expect, while weather is what you get. Climate is shaped by geographic factors such as latitude, terrain, and how close an area is to bodies of water. Weather and climate are related, but they work on different time scales. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is the average pattern of weather over much longer periods. Because of...

sustainable development

Protecting Oceans for Sustainable Development

Sustainable development depends on protecting oceans while meeting human needs. As the human population grows and uses more resources, people must stay aware of the planet’s natural limits. The goal is to improve life now without taking away the resources future generations will need. Long-term sustainability depends on understanding how human actions affect ecological systems. Oceans are a major part of this balance. They provide food for people, produce much of the atmosphere’s oxygen, and...

conservation of small populations

Saving Small Populations with Genetic Diversity

Small populations can be hard to save because they often lose genetic diversity. When variation is low, a species has fewer traits that may help it adapt to climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. That makes extinction more likely. Large populations usually have a better chance of surviving new stresses. They are more likely to include individuals with genetic variants that are helpful in changing conditions. Small populations are much less likely to contain this kind...

habitat fragmentation

How Fragmented Habitats Affect Wildlife

Habitat fragmentation breaks one continuous habitat into smaller, separate patches. Human land conversion is a major cause of this change, and slower geological shifts in the physical environment can also fragment habitats. The process usually follows the same stages: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition. Perforation and dissection often begin during land development. Perforation happens when undeveloped land is cleared for something like a home, and dissection...

key terms and concepts

Explore how ice cores and tree rings reveal Earth’s past climate. Learn how paleoclimatology helps scientists study ancient warming, cooling, and volcanic history.

Ancient Clues to Climate Change | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

Ancient Clues to Climate Change

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