Name: saving small populations with genetic diversity
Uploaded: 2019-08-01T08:31:57.000Z
Duration: 2 min 4 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.5.2

Conservation of Small Populations

[나레이터] 보존 생물학에서는생물 다양성의 보존이 가장 중요합니다.이 목표를 달성하기 위해과학자들은 멸종 위기에 처한개체군들을 식별해야 합니다.플로리다 팬더 같은소규모 개체군은 특히 위험한데유전적 다양성이 낮아질병에 대한 저항이나 환경 변화 적응이힘들기 때문입니다.과거 이 고양잇과 동물은 걸프 연안을 따라플로리다에서 루이지애나까지 분포했습니다.토지 개발로 인해 서식지가 줄어플로리다 남부에 일부만 남았었습니다.1973년에는 겨우 25마리만 남았습니다.이런 적은 개체수는 근친 교배로이어졌고 굽은 꼬리와 심장 결함,기타 유전적 이상을 일으켰습니다.이는 생식 능력을 감소시켰습니다.개체수가 급격하게 줄어들면멸종 소용돌이를 겪을 수 있는데,연쇄적 사건이 순환하며 서로 얽혀더 심각한 개체수 감소로 이어지고이는 멸종으로 발전합니다.멸종의 메커니즘은 이렇습니다.소규모 개체군은 근친 교배 또는가까운 동족과 교배하기 쉽습니다.그 결과, 개체군 내의유전적 다양성은 줄어듭니다.낮은 유전적 다양성은 시간이 흐르며낮은 생존율과 번식률로 이어지며개체군의 크기는 더욱 줄어들어멸종 지점에 이르게 됩니다.멸종 소용돌이의 한 예방 방법은타 개체군의 개체를 들여오는 것입니다.예를 들어, 보존 생물학자가 텍사스에서퓨마 암컷을 플로리다 개체군에들여와 개체군의 규모와유전적 다양성을 늘리는 방법입니다.이러한 보존 노력 덕분에플로리다 퓨마는 약 125마리가 되었습니다.비록 개체수는 늘어났지만여전히 보존이 요구됩니다.환경 보호 활동가는 퓨마를 개별적으로추적하려고 GPS 칼라를 이용하는데 이를통해 개체군의 건강을 관찰할 수 있습니다.

Robinson JA et. al. "멸종 위기에 처한 개체군인 Isle Royale 늑대의 광범위한 근친 교배의 게놈 서명." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (2019년 5월 29일):eaau0757. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0757">출처</a>]

작은 개체군의 보전

작은 개체군 크기는 변이(variation) 부족과 그에 따른 적응성(adaptability)의 감소로 인해 해당 종이 멸종 위기에 처하게 됩니다. 이것은 기후 변화, 다른 종과의 경쟁, 또는 새로운 질병과 같은 압력 아래 생존 가능성을 약화시킵니다. 큰 개체군은 이러한 압력에서 살아남을 가능성이 더 높습니다. 큰 개체군은 새로운 스트레스에 적응하는 유전적 변이을 가진 개체를 보유할 가능성이 더 높기 때문입니다. 작은 개체군은 이와 같은 변이를 가질 가능성이 훨씬 작습니다.
 
 현대의 유전체 기술은 동계교배(inbreeding)로 인해 발생하는 유해유전자(deleterious gene)의 동형접합성(homozygosity)을 식별할 수 있습니다. 이는 서로 밀접한 친척인 유기체가 자손을 낳을 때 일어나며, 자손은 두 개의 동일한 해로운 대립유전자(allele)를 받을 가능성이 더 높습니다. 예를 들어 미국의 아일로열국립공원(Isle Royale National Park)에 있는 늑대들은 질병 발생으로 인한 극심한 개체군 감소를 겪었고, 이로 인해 동계교배가 증가했습니다. 늑대의 개체군은 계속해서 감소했고, 한때는 단지 두 마리의 늑대만 있었습니다.
 
 전장유전체 분석(whole-genome sequencing)은 아일로열에 남아있는 늑대의 계통을 밝혀냈고, 염색체 유전 패턴을 바탕으로 소개체군에서 형제 자매, 부모 자손 간 짝짓기가 일어났었다는 것을 알아냈습니다. 유전자 서열 분석을 통해 늑대의 적응도를 감소시키는 기능적 유전자 내 해로운 단일 뉴클레오타이드 다형성(single-nucleotide polymorphism, 줄여서 SNP)도 알아냈습니다. 이러한 돌연변이는 아일로열 늑대들에게서 볼 수 있는 척추와 갈비뼈 기형과 같은 신체적 특징들을 설명했습니다.
 
 공원 경비원들은 아일로열에 건강한 유전적 다양성을 확립하기 위해 공원 밖에서 늑대를 데려오고 있습니다. 더 건강하고 더 큰 현재 개체군을 고려하면 늑대들은 아일로열에서 번성할 수 있을 것입니다. 경비대원들은 현재 그들의 보전 방법이 효과적인지를 판단하기 위해 GPS 목줄을 가지고 섬에 있는 늑대들을 추적하고 있습니다.

개체군 크기가 작으면 다양성이 부족하고 그에 따라 적응력이 감소하기 때문에 종이 극도의 멸종 위험에 처하게 됩니다. 이것은 약화시킵니다 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

생물학

Ecology

생태학

Biodiversity and Conservation

생물다양성과 보존

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

saving small populations with genetic diversity

Small populations can be hard to save because they often lose genetic diversity. When variation is low, a species has fewer traits that may help it adapt to climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. That makes extinction more likely.

Large populations usually have a better chance of surviving new stresses. They are more likely to include individuals with genetic variants that are helpful in changing conditions. Small populations are much less likely to contain this kind of variation.

Genomic tools can reveal another problem in small populations: inbreeding. Inbreeding happens when closely related organisms produce offspring. The offspring then have a higher chance of inheriting two identical harmful alleles, which can make deleterious genes homozygous.

The wolves on Isle Royale National Park show how this can happen. A disease outbreak caused a sharp population drop, and increased inbreeding followed. The wolf population kept declining, and at one point only two wolves remained. Whole-genome sequencing helped researchers trace the remaining wolves' lineages and showed sibling-sibling and parent-offspring matings from chromosomal inheritance patterns.

Gene sequence analysis also found deleterious single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, in functional genes. These mutations lower the wolves' fitness and help explain visible problems such as spinal and rib cage malformations. To improve the population, park rangers are bringing in wolves from outside the park to restore healthy genetic diversity. Rangers also use GPS collars to track the wolves and see whether the conservation plan is working.

Saving Small Populations with Genetic Diversity

saving-small-populations-with-genetic-diversity

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conservation of small populations

Small populations can be hard to save because they often lose genetic diversity. When variation is low, a species has fewer traits that may help it adapt to climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. That makes extinction more likely. Large populations usually have a better chance of surviving new stresses. They are more likely to include individuals with genetic variants that are helpful in changing conditions. Small populations are much less likely to contain this kind...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how low genetic diversity, inbreeding, and genome sequencing affect small wolf populations on Isle Royale, and how conservation can help.

Saving Small Populations with Genetic Diversity | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

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Earth's Systems

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Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

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Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

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3.1.9-12.V

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

HS-LS2-7

Environmental Science

Environmental Awareness And Protection

HS-EVS2-2

HS-EVS2-1

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

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Ecosystems

Loss of diversity

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

BIO1.LS4.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.d

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LS.9.a

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

Earth and Space Science

3.2.2 9E.3.2.2.1

4.2.2 9L.4.1.1.3

Arizona Science Standards

HS+E.E1

HS+E.E1U3.11

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Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity

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Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-3

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Engineering Design

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HS+B.L2

HS+B.L2U1.1

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.9.a

9-12.EVS.4.10

Next Generation Science Standards

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Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-ESS3-4

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.8

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New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-7.

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Human Sustainability

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SEV4.d

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SEN1.

SEN1.d

SEC1.

SEC1.c

SB5.e

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Saving Small Populations with Genetic Diversity

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