Name: in-group bias and scapegoating
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

In- and Out-Groups

사회적 환경에서 사람들은 종종 성별과 같은 범주에 따라 또는 특별한 관심사에 따라 그룹으로 모입니다.

이러한 범주화는 동료 구성원에 대한 편애와 정서적 연결을 유도하여 사회적 세계를 "우리" 대 "그들"로 구분할 수 있습니다. 즉, 개인이 소속되어 있다고 식별하는 특정 단위 대 외부 그룹인 근본적으로 다른 것으로 간주되는 사람들의 집합인 내부 집단을 만듭니다.

이 경우, 모든 사람은 자신이 속한 집단 내에서 정체성과 자존감의 지배적인 원천으로 무장하고 있으며, 강한 유대감은 집단 내 편견, 즉 다른 집단보다 연결된 집단에 대한 선호를 만들어낼 수 있습니다.

개인이 긍정적인 자기견해를 유지함에 따라 특정 내집단에 속한 사람들을 보호하기 위해 편견과 차별이 발생할 수 있습니다.

결과적으로, 내집단은 그들이 인식하는 모든 불운에 대해 외집단 을 비난할 수 있다. 이 개념은 희생양(scapegoating)이라고 불리는데, 이는 내집단이 결과를 달성하는 데 있어 짜증이나 위협이 될 수 있는 경험을 할 때 외집단을 비난하는 행위입니다.

좋은 소식은 사회적 불안정이 집단 간에 조정될 수 있다는 것이다. 예를 들어, 의도적인 의사소통을 통해 내집단은 외집단 의 경험을 인식하고 공감하여 긍정적인 변화를 촉진할 수 있습니다.

내부 및 외부 그룹

사람들은 모두 성별, 인종, 연령 및 사회적 경제적 그룹에 속합니다. 이러한 집단은 우리의 정체성과 자부심의 강력한 원천을 제공하며(Tajfel & Turner, 1979), 우리의 내집단(in-group) 역할을 한다. 내집단(in-group)은 우리가 자신을 동일시하거나 소속감을 느끼는 집단입니다.

우리가 속하지 않는 집단, 즉 외집단은 우리가 우리와 근본적으로 다르다고 보는 집단이다. 예를 들어, 귀하가 여성인 경우 성별 내그룹에는 모든 여성이 포함되고 성별 외집단에는 모든 남성이 포함됩니다. 사람들은 종종 성별 집단을 성격 특성, 특성, 사회적 역할 및 관심사에서 서로 근본적으로 다른 것으로 간주합니다.

우리는 종종 내집단에 대한 강한 소속감과 정서적 유대감을 느끼기 때문에 내집단 편향, 즉 다른 그룹보다 우리 그룹을 선호하는 내집단 편향을 형성합니다. 이러한 내집단 편견은 편견과 차별을 초래할 수 있는데, 이는 외집단이 내집단보다 다르다고 인식되고 덜 선호되기 때문입니다. 편견의 기능 중 하나는 우리가 스스로에 대해 좋은 느낌을 갖고 긍정적인 자아 개념을 유지하도록 돕는 것이다. 우리 자신에 대해 좋게 느끼고자 하는 욕구는 우리 내집단에까지 확장된다: 우리는 기분이 좋아지고 우리의 내집단을 보호하기를 원한다. 우리는 개인적으로, 그리고 집단 내에서 위협을 해결하려고 합니다. 이것은 종종 문제에 대해 외집단을 비난함으로써 발생합니다. 희생양(Scapegoating)은 내집단이 좌절감을 느끼거나 목표를 달성하는 데 방해를 받았을 때 외집단을 비난하는 행위이다(Allport, 1954).

집단을 갈등으로 몰아갈 뿐인 집단의 역학 관계에도 불구하고, 집단 간의 화해를 촉진하는 힘이 있다: 공감의 표현, 양측의 과거의 고통에 대한 인정, 파괴적인 행동의 중단.

이 비디오에 등장하는 고양이와 토끼

고양이와 토끼는 여기에서 은유로 사용되었으며, 선택한 내부 및 외부 그룹을 나타냅니다. 예를 들어, 스포츠 팬이라면 자신의 팀과 상대 팀을 생각할 수 있습니다.   

 

이 텍스트는 <a href="https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target="_blank">OpenStax, Psychology에서 발췌한 것입니다. 오픈스택스 CNX.</a>

사람들은 모두 성별, 인종, 연령 및 사회적 경제적 그룹에 속합니다. 이 그룹들은 우리의 정체성과 자부심의 강력한 원천을 제공합니다(Tajfel & ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

사회심리학

Foundations of Social Psychology

사회심리학의 기초

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

고정관념, 편견, 그리고 차별

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

in-group bias and scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different.

People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males are the out-group. People may see gender groups as different in personality traits, social roles, characteristics, and interests.

Because people feel a strong sense of belonging to their in-groups, they can develop in-group bias. This is a preference for their own group over other groups. In-group bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is seen as different and is less preferred.

Prejudice can also help people maintain a positive self-concept. That need to feel good about oneself can extend to the in-group as well. When people feel threatened, they may try to protect their group. One response is scapegoating, which means blaming an out-group when the in-group is frustrated or blocked from reaching a goal.

Not all group conflict stays the same. Some forces can support reconciliation between groups. These include empathy, recognition of past suffering on both sides, and stopping destructive behavior. In this video, cats and rabbits act as a metaphor for the in-groups and out-groups people choose, such as one sports team and an opposing team.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

in- and out-groups

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different. People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males...

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

How Bias Shapes Social Group Behavior

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are ways bias can shape how people think and act toward social groups. Social groups help form identity, and people can belong to many groups at once, including gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, and profession. Differences can be hard for some people to accept, but education, contact, and relationships with other cultural groups can reduce prejudice. Even imagining a positive interaction with someone from...

stereotype content model

Warmth and Competence in Stereotypes

The Stereotype Content Model explains how people judge social groups using two main ideas: warmth and competence. Warmth means a group’s perceived intent, or whether it seems likely to help or cause harm. Competence means the group’s ability to carry out that intent. Susan Fiske and colleagues first proposed this model, and it helps show why first impressions can shape behavior toward other people. The model places stereotypes into four main categories. A group can be low in warmth and low in...

robbers cave

Robbers Cave and Group Conflict

The Robbers Cave study shows how group conflict can grow when teams are forced to compete. In the 1950s, two boys’ groups at an Oklahoma summer camp, called the Rattlers and the Eagles, entered a week-long tournament. As the competition continued, their hostility grew into name-calling, fistfights, vandalism, and damage to property. The study also showed one way to reduce that tension. Researchers used superordinate goals, which are shared goals that groups can only reach by working together.

stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

Learn how in-groups, out-groups, in-group bias, prejudice, and scapegoating shape group conflict, identity, and reconciliation in social psychology.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

social psychology

JoVE Core 사회 심리학은 우리 삶을 이루는 사회의 기초를 소개합니다. 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 66개의 애니메이션 동영상 강의를 통해 분야의 핵심 개념을 설명합니다. 또한 다른 25개의 scientist-in-action videos에서 실험실에서 수행된 고전적이고 독창적인 연구 실험을 소개합니다.

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3.1.9-12.V

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

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