Name: coordination complexes and chelation
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:53.000Z
Duration: 2 min 51 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Structure and Properties of Matter

HS-PS2-6.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

복합 이온에서 금속 이온은 리간드로 알려진 음이온 또는 중성 분자와 결합됩니다. 리간드는 하나 이상의 고독한 전자 쌍을 가지며 전자쌍 공여체 또는 루이스 염기로 작용합니다. 이는 전자쌍을 전자쌍 수용체 또는 루이스 산으로 작용하는 금속 이온에 기증합니다.

따라서 금속 이온과 리간드 사이의 배위 공유 결합은 루이스 산-염기 부가물을 형성합니다. 전자 쌍을 기부하는 리간드 원자는 공여체 원자로 알려져 있습니다. 금속 이온을 둘러싼 공여체 원자의 수는 금속 이온의 배위 수와 상관 관계가 있습니다.

존재하는 공여체 원자의 수에 따라 리간드는 한자리, 두자리 또는 여러 자리 리간드로 추가로 분류되며 이는 전하를 가지거나 중성일 수 있습니다. 한자리 리간드에는 하나의 공여체 원자가 있습니다. 산소는 중성 물 분자의 공여체 원자이고 질소는 하전된 시안화물 이온의 공여 원자입니다.

두자리 리간드는 금속 이온과 동시에 결합하기에 충분히 멀리 떨어져 있는 두 개의 공여 원자를 가지고 있습니다. 세 개의 비피리딘 분자의 질소 원자는 배위 번호가 6인 루테늄 이온에 결합합니다. 여러 자리 리간드의 구조는 두 개 이상의 공여 원자를 가지고 있습니다.

여기서 디에틸렌트리아민 두 분자의 여섯 개의 질소가 코발트 이온과 결합합니다. 복수의 공여 원자가 중심 금속 이온을 집게발처럼 고정시키는 것처럼 보이기 때문에 두자리 및 여러 자리 리간드는 킬레이트제라고도 불립니다. 킬레이트제는 한자리 리간드보다 중심 금속 이온에 더 많은 친화력을 가지고있어 보다 안정적인 배위 화합물을 형성합니다.

이것은 킬레이트 효과로 알려져 있습니다. 킬레이트제는 여러가지 기능을 가집니다. 이는 분해 반응을 촉매하는 데 관여하는 미량 금속 이온을 복합화하거나 에틸렌디아민테트라세테이트 또는 EDTA를 사용하여 납 중독을 치료함으로써 식품의 유통 수명을 증가시키는 데 사용됩니다.

복합 이온 형성은 산화, 환원 전위 또는 색상의 변화와 같은 금속 이온과 리간드의 물리적 화학적 특성에 영향을 미칩니다. 더욱이 리간드는 수화된 금속 이온의 탈양성자화 또는 다른 강하게 끌린 리간드에 의한 치환과 같은 반응을 겪을 수 있습니다. 여기서 물 분자는 금속 이온과 더 강하게 결합하는 암모니아로 치환됩니다.

금속-리간드 결합

혈액 속의 헤모글로빈, 녹색 식물의 엽록소, 비타민 B-12, 폴리에틸렌 제조에 사용되는 촉매 등은 모두 배위 화합물을 함유하고 있습니다. 금속 이온, 특히 전이 금속은 착물을 형성할 가능성이 높습니다.

이러한 복합체에서 전이 금속은 배위 공유 결합을 형성합니다. 이는 결합의 두 전자가 공여체(루이스 염기)에 의해 전자 수용체(루이스 산)에 기여하는 루이스 산-염기 상호 작용의 일종입니다. 종종 중심 금속 이온(또는 원자)이라고 불리는 배위 복합체의 루이스 산은 전이 금속 또는 내부 전이 금속입니다. 리간드라고 불리는 루이스 염기 공여체는 원자, 분자 또는 이온과 같은 - 다양한 화학 물질일 수 있습니다. 유일한 요구 사항은 중앙 금속에 기증될 수 있는 하나 이상의 전자쌍을 가지고 있다는 것입니다. 대부분의 경우 이는 금속에 배위 결합을 형성할 수 있는 비공유 전자쌍을 가진 도너 원자와 관련됩니다. 배위구는 중심 금속 이온 또는 원자와 그에 부착된 리간드로 구성됩니다. 공식의 괄호는 조정 영역을 묶습니다. 괄호 밖의 종은 조정 영역의 일부가 아닙니다.

리간드는 단 하나의 원자를 통해 중심 금속과 연결될 때 "한 개의 이빨"을 의미하는 그리스어에서 유래된 한자리입니다. 여기서 리간드의 수와 배위수는 동일합니다. NH_3, Cl^- 및 H_2O와 같이 하나의 공여 원자를 갖는 리간드는 한자리 리간드입니다. 많은 다른 리간드가 더 복잡한 방식으로 금속에 배위 결합합니다.

두 자리 리간드는 두 개의 원자가 금속 중심에 배위하는 리간드입니다. 예를 들어, 에틸렌디아민(en, H_2NCH_2CH_2NH_2)은 두 개의 질소 원자를 포함하며, 각 질소 원자는 고립 쌍을 가지며 루이스 염기 역할을 할 수 있습니다(그림 1a). 두 원자 모두 단일 금속 중심에 배위 결합할 수 있습니다. 착물 [Co(en)_3]^3+에는 3개의 두자리 en 리간드가 있고, 코발트(III) 이온의 배위수는 6개입니다(그림 1b). 가장 일반적인 배위수는 2, 4, 6이지만, 1부터 15까지 모든 배위수의 예가 알려져 있습니다.

<img alt="Image1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11456/11456_Image_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;" />

그림 1. (a) 에틸렌디아민(en)은 금속 이온과 배위결합할 수 있는 고립 쌍을 가진 두 개의 질소 원자를 포함합니다. (b) 세 개의 두자리 en 리간드가 단일 코발트 이온과 배위합니다.

하나 이상의 공여 원자에 의해 중앙 금속 이온에 결합하는 리간드는 두 개 이상의 결합으로 금속 중심에 물릴 수 있기 때문에 여러자리 리간드(또는 "다치")입니다. "발톱"을 의미하는 그리스어 킬레이트라는 용어는 이러한 유형의 상호 작용을 설명하는 데에도 사용됩니다. 많은 여러자리 리간드는 킬레이트 리간드이며, 이러한 리간드 중 하나 이상과 중심 금속으로 구성된 착물이 킬레이트입니다. 킬레이트 리간드는 킬레이트제로도 알려져 있습니다. 킬레이트 리간드는 게의 발톱이 대리석을 붙잡는 것처럼 금속 이온을 붙잡습니다. 여러자리 리간드는 때때로 리간드의 공여 원자 수를 나타내는 접두어로 식별됩니다. 헤모글로빈의 헴 복합체는 또 다른 중요한 예입니다(그림 2). 이는 철과 배위결합하는 4개의 공여 원자를 가진 여러자리 리간드를 포함합니다.

<img alt="Image2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11456/11456_Image2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;" />

그림 2: 단일 리간드 헴에는 헤모글로빈의 철과 배위하여 킬레이트를 형성하는 4개의 질소 원자가 포함되어 있습니다.

이 문서는 에서 발췌되었습니다 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/19-2-coordination-chemistry-of-transition-metals">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Chapter 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals</a>.

혈액 속의 헤모글로빈, 녹색 식물의 엽록소, 비타민 B-12 및 폴리에틸렌 제조에 사용되는 촉매는 모두 ...

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화학

하나

Transition Metals and Coordination Complexes

전이 금속과 배위 화합물

transition-metals-and-coordination-complexes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

coordination complexes and chelation

Coordination complexes form when a metal ion bonds to ligands. These compounds appear in familiar examples such as hemoglobin in blood, chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used to make polyethylene. Transition metal ions are especially likely to form these complexes.

In a coordination complex, the metal acts as a Lewis acid. The ligand acts as a Lewis base and donates both electrons in the coordinate covalent bond. A ligand can be an atom, molecule, or ion, as long as it has one or more electron pairs to share with the metal. The central metal ion or atom, along with its attached ligands, makes up the coordination sphere. Brackets in a formula show the coordination sphere, and anything outside the brackets is not part of it.

Ligands can bind in different ways. Monodentate ligands connect through only one atom, so the number of ligands equals the coordination number. Common examples are NH3, Cl−, and H2O. Bidentate ligands bind through two atoms. Ethylenediamine, or en, has two nitrogen atoms with lone pairs that can both bond to one metal center. In the complex [Co(en)3]3+, three bidentate ligands give cobalt(III) a coordination number of six.

Ligands that attach through more than one donor atom are called polydentate ligands. The word chelate comes from a Greek word meaning “claw,” and it describes how these ligands hold a metal ion. A complex with one or more chelating ligands is called a chelate, and a chelating ligand is also called a chelating agent. These ligands can be identified with prefixes that show the number of donor atoms they use.

The heme complex in hemoglobin is another key example. Heme is a single polydentate ligand with four donor atoms, and all four coordinate to iron. Coordination numbers in complexes are often 2, 4, or 6, but examples from 1 to 15 are known. These bonding patterns help explain the structure of many important metal-containing compounds.

Coordination Complexes and Chelation

properties of transition metals

Transition Metals in the Periodic Table

Transition metals are the d-block elements and the inner transition metals in the f-block. They are defined by partially filled d orbitals. In the periodic table, the transition elements are in groups 3 through 11, and the inner transition metals appear in the two rows below the main body of the table. The d-block is often grouped into transition series. The first transition series runs from Sc through Cu. The second series runs from Y through Ag. The third series includes La and Hf through...

coordination compounds and nomenclature

How Transition Metal Complexes Are Named

Transition metal complexes are named by following rules for ligands, metal ions, and oxidation state. These compounds form when a central metal ion or atom, often a transition metal or inner transition metal, accepts electron pairs from ligands. A ligand is a Lewis base that can be an atom, molecule, or ion with one or more lone pairs to donate. In these complexes, the bond is a coordinate covalent bond. That means both electrons in the bond come from the donor, such as ammonia, and are...

metal-ligand bonds

Coordination complexes form when a metal ion bonds to ligands. These compounds appear in familiar examples such as hemoglobin in blood, chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used to make polyethylene. Transition metal ions are especially likely to form these complexes. In a coordination complex, the metal acts as a Lewis acid. The ligand acts as a Lewis base and donates both electrons in the coordinate covalent bond. A ligand can be an atom, molecule, or ion, as long as...

coordination number and geometry

Transition Metal Shapes from Coordination Number

Transition metal complexes are often identified by their coordination number and the shape around the metal ion. The coordination number is the number of donor atoms bonded to the central metal. In many complexes, the most common shapes are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar. Coordination number and molecular geometry are linked in a clear pattern. A coordination number of 2 gives a linear shape, as in [Ag(NH3)2]+. A coordination number of 3 gives a trigonal planar shape, as in...

structural isomerism

Linkage and Ionization Isomers

Isomers are different chemical species that share the same chemical formula. In coordination compounds, structural isomerism includes linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers. These two forms show how the same atoms can be arranged in different ways around a metal center. Linkage isomers form when a ligand can attach to a transition metal through two different atoms. The cyanide ligand, CN−, can bind through carbon or nitrogen. The thiocyanate ligand, SCN−, can bind through sulfur or...

stereoisomerism

Isomer Shapes in Coordination Complexes

Isomer shapes in coordination complexes can change a compound’s properties even when the chemical formula stays the same. Isomers are different chemical species with the same formula. In transition metal complexes, the atoms stay connected through the same types of bonds, but their arrangement in space can differ. One common form is geometric isomerism. In these complexes, ligands (the ions or molecules attached to the metal) can sit in cis or trans positions. The octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion...

valence bond theory

Metal Ligand Bonds in Coordination Complexes

Coordination complexes form metal-ligand bonds through valence bond theory. In this model, Linus Pauling explained bonding with hybridization and overlap of atomic orbitals. The central metal atom or ion acts as a Lewis acid. It uses empty orbitals of suitable energy to accept electron pairs from ligands, which act as Lewis bases. These coordinate covalent bonds help explain the color, geometry, and magnetic behavior seen in coordination compounds. The type of hybridization helps determine the...

crystal field theory - octahedral complexes

crystal-field-theory-octahedral-complexes

Octahedral d-Orbital Splitting in Crystal Fields

Crystal field theory explains how ligands affect the d orbitals in transition metal complexes. This electrostatic model helps predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds. It focuses on the nonbonding electrons on the central metal ion, not on the metal-ligand bonds. In crystal field theory, the metal ion and ligands are treated as very small point charges. Because electrons are negative, electrons donated by the ligands repel the electrons in the...

crystal field theory - tetrahedral and square planar complexes

crystal-field-theory-tetrahedral-and-square-planar-complexes

Crystal Field Splitting in Non-Octahedral Shapes

Crystal field theory also explains d orbital splitting in tetrahedral and square planar complexes. These shapes do not follow the same pattern as an octahedral complex, so the d orbitals respond to ligand placement in different ways. In tetrahedral complexes, the four ligands sit between the axes. None of the d orbitals points directly at the ligands, but the d x2−y2 and d z2 orbitals lie along the Cartesian axes and overlap less with the ligands than the d xy, d xz, and d yz orbitals. The d...

colors and magnetism

Color and Spin in Coordination Complexes

Color in coordination complexes comes from how metal electrons absorb light. When atoms or molecules absorb light at the right frequency, electrons move to higher-energy orbitals. For many main-group atoms and molecules, the absorbed light is ultraviolet and cannot be seen. In coordination compounds, the energy gap between d orbitals often matches visible light, so the compound can absorb and emit colors that the human eye detects. Small changes in orbital energy can cause large shifts in the...

key terms and concepts

Explore coordination complexes, ligand types, coordination numbers, and chelation using examples like hemoglobin, chlorophyll, and heme for high school chemistry.

Coordination Complexes and Chelation | JoVE K12

chemistry

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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break ...

determining-rate-laws-and-the-order-of-reaction

Determining Rate Laws and the Order of Reaction

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
All chemical reactions have a specific rate defining the ...

Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

HS-PS1-8.

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3&#8211;12 are ...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For ...

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain ...

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to ...

physical-properties-of-minerals-i-crystals-and-cleavage

Physical Properties Of Minerals I: Crystals and Cleavage

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
The physical properties of minerals comprise various measurable and discernible ...

physical-properties-of-minerals-ii-polymineralic-analysis

Physical Properties Of Minerals II: Polymineralic Analysis

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
The physical properties of minerals include various measurable and discernible ...

Porosimetry of a Silica Alumina Powder

Source: Kerry M. Dooley and Michael G. Benton, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Surface area and pore size ...

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds ...

Le Ch&#226;telier's Principle

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Lynne O&#39;Connell &#8212; Boston College
When the conditions of a system at equilibrium are altered, the system responds in ...

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the particulate-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

definition-measurement-pressure-atmospheric-pressure-barometer

Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

Gas pressure is caused by force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects. Although the force of each collision is very small, any ...

gas-laws-boyle-s-gay-lussac-charles-avogadro-s-and-ideal-gas-law

Gas Laws: Boyle's, Gay-Lussac, Charles', Avogadro's, and Ideal Gas Law

Through experiments, scientists established the mathematical relationships between pairs of variables, such as pressure and temperature, pressure and ...

applications-of-the-ideal-gas-law-molar-mass-density-and-volume

Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Mass, Density, and Volume

The volume occupied by one mole of a substance is its molar volume. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, &nbsp;suggests that the volume of a given quantity of gas ...

mixtures-of-gases-dalton-s-law-of-partial-pressures-and-mole-fractions

Mixtures of Gases: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

Unless individual gases chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other&rsquo;s pressure. Each gas ...

chemical-stoichiometry-gases-using-ideal-gas-law-to-determine

Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases: Using Ideal Gas Law to Determine Moles

Chemical stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

In addition to measuring quantities ...

Analyze data to support the claim that the combined gas law describes the relationships among volume, pressure, and temperature for a sample of an ideal gas.

HS-PS1-9.

Coordination Complexes and Chelation

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