Name: centripetal acceleration in circular motion
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:52:21.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Place in the Universe

ESS.EES.1.2

Uniform Circular Motion

원형 경로를 따라 움직이는 물체는 균일하거나 불균일할 수 있는 원형 운동을 나타낸다고 합니다. 균일한 원 운동에서 물체는 일정한 속도로 움직입니다.
궤도를 도는 위성의 경우 지구의 중력은 원 운동에 필요한 구심력을 제공합니다.
어느 순간에나 위성의 선형 속도는 원형 경로에 접하므로 크기는 일정하게 유지되지만 방향은 변합니다.
속도의 방향이 변하기 때문에 위성은 언제든지 안쪽으로 방사형으로 가속합니다. 이 가속도를 구심 가속도 또는 방사형 가속도라고 합니다.
힘 방정식을 m으로 나누면 구심 가속도의 크기는 속도의 제곱을 지구 중심에서 위성까지의 거리로 나눈 값입니다.
속도가 궤도 둘레 2πr을 주기 T로 나눈 값과 같기 때문에 위성의 구심 가속도와 주기 사이의 관계를 구합니다.

균일한 원운동

균일 원운동은 물체가 일정한 속도로 원을 그리며 이동하는 특정 유형의 운동입니다. 예를 들어, 일정한 속도로 회전하는 프로펠러의 모든 지점은 등속 원 운동을 겪고 있습니다. 시계의 초침, 분침, 시침도 일정한 원운동을 합니다. 회전 속도가 일정함에도 불구하고 이러한 회전하는 물체의 점이 실제로 가속되고 있다고 믿기 어렵습니다. 이를 이해하려면 모션을 벡터 측면에서 분석해야 합니다.

1차원 운동학에서 속도가 일정한 물체의 가속도는 0입니다. 그러나 2차원 및 3차원 운동학에서는 속도가 일정하더라도 입자가 원과 같은 곡선 궤적을 따라 이동하면 가속도를 가질 수 있습니다. 가속도 벡터의 방향은 원의 중심을 향합니다. 이것을 방사형 가속도라고 하며 구심 가속도라고 합니다. 구심성(centripetal)이라는 단어는 '중심'을 의미하는 라틴어 centrum에서 유래되었습니다. 그리고 petere는 '구하다'를 의미합니다. 따라서 '중심 탐색'이라는 의미를 갖습니다. 구심 가속도는 원형 경로의 속도와 곡률 반경에 따라 다양한 값을 가질 수 있습니다.

이 텍스트는 <a .="" href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/4-4-uniform-circular-motion">Openstax, 대학 물리학 1권, 섹션 4.4: 균일한 원운동.</a>

균일 원 운동은 물체가 일정한 속도로 원을 그리며 이동하는 특정 유형의 운동입니다. 예를 들어, 프로펠러의 모든 지점 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Physics

물리학

Unit 1

제1단원

Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

2차원 또는 3차원 운동

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

centripetal acceleration in circular motion

Uniform circular motion describes motion in a circle at constant speed. An object follows a curved path, but its speed does not change. The motion of a point on a propeller spinning at a steady rate and the second, minute, and hour hands of a watch are common examples.

Even with constant speed, these objects are still accelerating. That idea can seem surprising because in one-dimensional motion, constant speed means zero acceleration. In two- and three-dimensional motion, a particle can accelerate if it moves along a curved path such as a circle.

To understand this motion, the direction of the velocity and acceleration vectors matters. The acceleration points toward the center of the circle. This radial acceleration is called centripetal acceleration, and the term means “center seeking.”

Centripetal acceleration can vary over a wide range. Its value depends on the speed of the object and the radius of the circular path. A faster motion or a tighter curve changes the size of the acceleration.

Centripetal Acceleration in Circular Motion

centripetal-acceleration-in-circular-motion

position and displacement vectors

Describing Motion with Position Changes

Describing motion starts with position. Position tells where an object is at a particular time. It must be measured relative to a frame of reference, which is an arbitrary set of axes used to describe position and motion. Earth is often used as a frame of reference. It helps describe an object’s location in relation to stationary objects on Earth. Many important motions also take place in two dimensions, or in a plane. In those cases, position, velocity, and acceleration can each be described...

average and instantaneous velocity vectors

average-and-instantaneous-velocity-vectors

Position Change and Instant Velocity

Position change and instant velocity are key ideas in kinematics. To describe motion, time must be included. Time tells us where an object is and how fast it is moving. The speed of an object comes from how its position changes with time. Each position is tied to a specific time. When the details of motion at each instant are not important, the rate is given as average velocity. Average velocity is a vector. It equals the total displacement between two points divided by the elapsed time. Real...

acceleration vectors

How Velocity Changes Create Acceleration

Acceleration describes how velocity changes over time. In physics, acceleration is a vector, which means it has both size and direction. It points in the same direction as the change in velocity, written as Δv. The larger the acceleration, the larger the change in velocity over a given time. Because velocity is a vector, it can change in more than one way. An object can speed up, slow down, change direction, or do both at once. A runner traveling 10 km/h due east who stops, turns around, and...

direction of acceleration vectors

Negative Acceleration and Motion Reversal

Acceleration describes a change in velocity. That change can be a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. The acceleration vector points in the direction of the velocity change, not always in the direction the object is moving. When an object slows down, its acceleration points opposite to its motion. This is often called deceleration. The term can be confusing in physics because deceleration is not a vector. It does not give a direction relative to a coordinate system, so the correct...

projectile motion

Projectile Paths Under Gravity

Projectile motion describes the path of an object thrown into the air under Earth’s gravity. The object is called a projectile, and its curved path is called the trajectory. This motion appears in many real situations, such as fireworks, a golf ball in flight, meteors entering Earth’s atmosphere, and bullets being fired. When a falling object has no horizontal movement, it is described as one-dimensional projectile motion. When motion includes both horizontal and vertical parts, it is...

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projectile motion: equations

Solving Projectile Motion with Components

Projectile motion can be solved by breaking the motion into horizontal and vertical components. This approach is used for common examples like a basketball throw, an arrow shot from a bow, and kids jumping into a pool. The motion is then analyzed along the x-axis and y-axis. Start by separating displacement into x and y parts. The horizontal and vertical parts of velocity are also separated. If the projectile has speed v and direction θ relative to the horizontal, the vertical component is...

projectile motion: example

Projectile Motion in Sports and Orbit

Projectile motion helps explain both sports throws and motion near Earth. A javelin thrower uses this idea to send the javelin as far as possible. The thrower also takes a short run-up to increase the initial speed of the javelin. For a projectile on level ground, the range is the horizontal distance it travels. The range is largest at a 45° angle, so javelin throwers try to release the javelin as close to that angle as possible. In this case, the range equation assumes the distance is very...

uniform circular motion

Uniform circular motion describes motion in a circle at constant speed. An object follows a curved path, but its speed does not change. The motion of a point on a propeller spinning at a steady rate and the second, minute, and hour hands of a watch are common examples. Even with constant speed, these objects are still accelerating. That idea can seem surprising because in one-dimensional motion, constant speed means zero acceleration. In two- and three-dimensional motion, a particle can...

non-uniform circular motion

Circular Motion with Changing Speed

Circular motion can happen with changing speed. In this case, the object still follows a circular path, but it may speed up or slow down as it moves. When speed changes during circular motion, the motion is called non-uniform circular motion. This adds tangential acceleration, which points along the path of motion and shows a change in speed. Centripetal acceleration is still present in circular motion. It describes the time rate of change of the direction of the velocity vector and points...

relative velocity in one dimension

Relative Motion in a Train and Earth

Relative motion depends on the reference frame used to measure velocity. A reference frame is the point of view from which motion is described. In many examples, Earth is the reference frame. If someone is said to be sitting in a train moving east at 10 m/s, that speed is measured relative to Earth.

relative velocity in two dimensions

Adding Velocities Across Reference Frames

Relative velocity describes motion as measured from a chosen reference frame. It can also describe the motion of one reference frame compared with another. In two dimensions, this idea helps track how position and velocity change from frame to frame. Consider a particle P and two reference frames, S and S′. The position of the origin of S′, measured in S, and the position of P, measured in S′, can be combined with vector addition to find the position of P in S. This relation shows how motion...

key terms and concepts

Learn how constant-speed motion in a circle still involves acceleration, why the acceleration points inward, and how speed and radius affect centripetal acceleration.

Centripetal Acceleration in Circular Motion | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

PHYS.5

PHYS.5.D

Florida Department of Education

Physical Science

SC.912.P.12

SC.912.P.12.2

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SP2.

Circular Motion

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where &#963; is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a ...

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ESS.EES.1.4

Explain how Earth's position relative to the sun influences conditions on Earth.

Centripetal Acceleration in Circular Motion

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