Name: biomolecule interactions without covalent bonds
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 2 min 35 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

공유 결합은 상호 작용하는 원자 간에 전자 쌍이 공유될 때 형성됩니다. 이러한 강한 결합을 끊으려면 많은 양의 에너지가 필요합니다.
공유 결합은 원자를 분자로 연결하는 분자 내 힘이지만, 분자간 및 비공유 인력은 분자 사이 또는 더 큰 분자의 다른 부분 내에서 원자 그룹을 안정화합니다.
비록 개별적으로는 약하지만, 많은 비공유 상호작용이 함께 일어나면 분자가 오랜 시간 동안 연관 상태를 유지할 수 있습니다. 
생물학적 시스템에서 발생하는 비공유 인력의 네 가지 주요 유형은 이온 상호 작용, 수소 결합, 반 데르 발스 힘 및 소수성 상호 작용입니다.
이온 상호 작용은 반대 하전을 띤 이온 사이에서 발생합니다. 
DNA 골격에는 서로 가까운 많은 음전하를 띤 인산기가 있습니다. 분자를 안정화하기 위해 마그네슘과 같은 양이온은 인산기 그룹과 상호 작용하여 DNA의 순 전하를 중화합니다. 
수소 결합은 산소 또는 질소와 같은 고도의 전기 음성 원자에 공유 결합된 수소 원자가 다른 전기 음성 원자에 있는 고독한 전자 쌍과 상호 작용할 때 형성됩니다.
DNA에서 상보적인 가닥은 수소 결합에 의해 함께 쌍을 이룹니다. 한 가닥의 염기는 반대쪽 가닥의 다른 염기에서 질소 또는 산소 원자와 공유 결합 된 수소를 공유합니다.
Van der Waals 상호 작용은 두 분자가 서로 밀접하게 접근할 때 발생합니다. 
이러한 비특이적 인력은 분자 전체에 걸친 전자의 빠른 이동에 의해 생성된 일시적인 쌍극자에서 비롯됩니다. 그러나 분자가 너무 가까워지면 정전기 반발이 Van der Waals 상호 작용을 뒤집습니다.
마지막으로, 소수성 상호 작용은 물 분자의 반발력으로 인한 소수성 그룹의 강제 연관입니다. 
수성 환경에서는 지질 분자의 소수성 부분이 물 분자 간의 수소 결합을 쉽게 방해할 수 없습니다. 
물 분자 간의 상호 작용은 물과 지질 분자 간의 상호 작용보다 강합니다. 따라서 지질의 소수성 부분이 결합되어 지질이 응집됩니다.

<ol>
	<li>Frieden, Earl. "비공유 상호작용: 생물학적 유연성 및 특이성의 핵심." 화학 교육 저널 52, no. 12 (1975): 754.</li>
	<li>카밀로니, 카를로, 다니엘라 보네티, 안젤라 모론, 라자니시 기리, 크리스토퍼 M. 돕슨, 마우리치오 브루노리, 스테파노 지안니, 미셸 벤트루스콜로. "단백질 접힘의 소수성 효과의 구조적 생물학을 향하여." 과학 보고서 6, no. 1 (2016): 1-9.</li>
	<li>Weiss, Manfred S., Maria Brandl, Jürgen Sühnel, Debnath Pal 및 Rolf Hilgenfeld. "(구조) 생물학자를 위한 더 많은 수소 결합." 생화학 동향 26, no. 9 (2001): 521-523.</li>
</ol>

생체 분자의 비공유 인력(noncovalent attraction in biomolecules)

비공유 인력은 복합체의 모양과 구조적 안정성에 영향을 미치는 분자 내 및 분자 간의 연관성입니다. 이러한 상호작용은 전자 공유를 수반하지 않는다는 점에서 공유 결합과 다릅니다.

비공유 상호작용의 네 가지 유형은 수소 결합, 반데르발스 힘, 이온 결합, 소수성 상호작용입니다.

수소 결합은 다른 전기 음성 원자에 의해 산소, 질소 또는 불소와 같은 강한 전기 음성 원자에 공유 결합된 수소 원자의 정전기적 인력으로 인해 발생합니다. 수소 원자는 결합된 전기 음성 원자가 근처에 전자 구름을 끌어당기면서 부분적인 양전하를 발생시킵니다. 결과적으로, 수소의 δ+ 전하와 인접한 음전하 원자의 δ- 전하 사이에 약한 상호작용이 발생합니다. 이러한 유형의 상호 작용은 물 분자 사이에 정기적으로 형성됩니다. 독립적인 수소 결합은 쉽게 끊어집니다. 그러나 물과 유기 고분자에서는 대량으로 발생하여 결합 시 상당한 힘을 생성합니다.

반 데르 발스(van der Waals)라고 불리는 두 번째 유형의 상호 작용은 서로 가까이 있는 두 개 이상의 원자(또는 분자)로 구성된 전자가 풍부한 영역과 전자가 부족한 영역 사이의 일시적 인력에 의해 발생합니다. 이러한 상호 작용은 기능에 필수적인 단백질의 3차원 구조에 기여할 수 있습니다.

또 다른 유형의 상호작용은 반대로 전하를 띤 이온 사이에서 발생하는 이온 결합입니다. 생물학적 시스템에서 반대 전하를 띤 이온에서 발생하는 이온 상호 작용은 생체 분자의 구조를 안정화하는 데 도움이 될 수도 있습니다. 마그네슘과 같은 금속 이온은 DNA와 같은 음전하를 띤 생체 분자와 상호 작용합니다. 마그네슘 이온은 음의 인산염 그룹과 결합하여 전하를 중화시키고 긴 DNA 중합체를 솔레노이드 또는 토로이드 구조로 압축하는 데 도움을 줍니다.

마지막으로, 소수성 효과는 소수성 분자가 응집되어 수성 환경에서 물과의 접촉을 최소화하는 비공유 상호작용입니다. 결과적으로, 폴리펩티드의 소수성 영역은 단백질이 접히는 동안 구조 내에 묻혀지게 됩니다.

생체 분자의 비공유 인력(Noncovalent Attraction in Biomolecules)

비공유 인력은 복합체의 모양과 구조적 안정성에 영향을 미치는 분자 내부 및 분자 간의 연관성입니다. 이러한 상호 작용은 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

세포생물학

Unit 1

제1단원

Biochemistry of the Cell

세포 생화학

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

biomolecule interactions without covalent bonds

Biomolecules often stay together through noncovalent attractions instead of covalent bonds. These weaker interactions help molecules recognize each other and form structures needed for life.

The main noncovalent attractions are hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Each one works in a different way, but all of them can influence how biomolecules fold, bind, and behave in cells.

Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to another atom with a partial negative charge. Electrostatic interactions occur between charged groups, while van der Waals forces are very short-range attractions between nearby atoms. Hydrophobic interactions help nonpolar parts of molecules cluster together in water.

Together, these attractions are essential in biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and other cellular molecules. They are not as strong as covalent bonds, but their combined effect is powerful and helps maintain biological structure and function.

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

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noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecules often stay together through noncovalent attractions instead of covalent bonds. These weaker interactions help molecules recognize each other and form structures needed for life. The main noncovalent attractions are hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Each one works in a different way, but all of them can influence how biomolecules fold, bind, and behave in cells. Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to...

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Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds | JoVE K12

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SC.912.L.18.2

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SC.912.L.18.3

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SC.912.L.18.6

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SC.912.L.18.7

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

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