Name: using pendulums to find gravity
Uploaded: 2023-05-16T08:18:41.000Z
Duration: 1 min 12 s
Channel: JoVE

중력장에 있는 물체는 중력으로 인해 가속도를 경험합니다.
물리적 진자를 사용하여 중력으로 인한 가속도 값을 측정할 수 있습니다.
길이가 L이고 질량이 한쪽 끝에 매달려 있는 균일한 막대를 고려하십시오. 피봇 포인트와 로드의 질량 중심 사이의 거리는 로드 길이의 절반입니다.
막대의 회전 관성에 대한 방정식을 상기해 보십시오. 이 방정식은 질량 중심을 통해 수직 축을 중심으로 회전합니다.
평행 축 정리를 사용하여 막대의 한쪽 끝을 통과하는 수직 축에 대한 회전 관성이 결정됩니다.
물리적 진자의 기간을 상기하십시오. 양쪽을 제곱하고 피봇 포인트와 질량 중심 사이의 거리 값과 관성 모멘트를 대체하면 중력으로 인한 가속도의 공식이 결정됩니다.
막대의 길이가 1미터이고 시간이 1.64초인 경우 g 값은 초당 9.8미터 제곱으로 계산됩니다.

<ol>
	<li>Walker, J., Halliday, D., Resnick, R. (2007), Fundamentals of Physics, 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 섹션 15.4; 426-427페이지.</li>
	<li>오픈스택스. (2019). 대학 물리학 Vol. 1. [웹 버전]. <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/15-4-pendulums">https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/15-4-pendulums</a> 섹션 15.4에서 검색 함; 764-768쪽.</li>
</ol>

중력으로 인한 가속도 측정

식품 저장실 고리에 걸려 있는 커피잔을 생각해 보세요. 머그잔이 부딪히면 진동이 사라질 때까지 진자처럼 앞뒤로 진동합니다.

단진자는 점질량과 끈으로 설명할 수 있습니다. 한편, 물리 진자는 진동이 단순 진자와 유사하지만 질량이 더 넓은 영역에 분산되어 있기 때문에 끈의 점 질량으로 모델링할 수 없는 물체입니다. 물리적 진자의 동작은 회전 운동의 원리와 관성 모멘트의 개념을 사용하여 모델링할 수 있습니다. 단순진자와 물리적 진자 모두 복원력은 중력입니다. 단순 진자의 경우 중력은 진자 추의 중심에 작용하는 반면, 물리적 진자의 경우 중력은 물체의 질량 중심(CM)에 작용합니다.

단진자의 주기(T)는 길이와 중력 가속도(g)에 따라 달라집니다. 기간은 질량 및 최대 변위와 같은 다른 요인과 완전히 독립적입니다. g에 대한 T의 의존성을 고려하여 진자의 길이와 진동 주기를 정확하게 알면 중력으로 인한 가속도를 측정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 중력을 결정하는 이 방법은 매우 정확할 수 있습니다.

물리 진자를 사용하여 지구 표면의 특정 위치에서 중력으로 인한 자유 낙하 가속도를 측정할 수도 있으며, 지구물리학적 탐사 중에 수천 번의 측정이 이루어졌습니다.

식료품 저장실의 고리에 걸려 있는 커피잔을 생각해 보십시오. 머그잔이 두드리면 진동이 사라질 때까지 진자처럼 앞뒤로 진동합니다 
...

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Education

교육

JoVE Core

Physics

물리학

Unit 1

제1단원

Oscillations

진동

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

Measuring Acceleration Due to Gravity

using pendulums to find gravity

Pendulums can be used to measure the acceleration due to gravity. A simple pendulum is a point mass attached to a string. A physical pendulum is an object that swings in a similar way, but its mass is spread out, so it cannot be treated as a point mass on a string.

A physical pendulum is described using rotational motion and moment of inertia. In both types of pendulum, gravity provides the restoring force that brings the object back toward the middle of its swing. For a simple pendulum, gravity acts at the center of the bob. For a physical pendulum, gravity acts at the center of mass of the object.

The period of a simple pendulum depends on its length and the acceleration due to gravity, g. It does not depend on mass or on the maximum displacement. If the length of a pendulum and its period are known with precision, they can be used to find g.

This method can be very accurate. A physical pendulum can also be used to measure the free-fall acceleration due to gravity at a specific location on Earth’s surface. Thousands of such measurements have been made during geophysical prospecting.

Using Pendulums to Find Gravity

simple harmonic motion

Period and Frequency in Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple harmonic motion describes oscillatory motion when the net force follows Hooke's law. In this type of motion, the force acts toward the equilibrium position. If there is no damping from friction or other non-conservative forces, the oscillator moves with equal displacement on both sides of equilibrium. The period of a simple harmonic oscillator is found from the equation of motion. Period is the time for one complete oscillation. Frequency is the inverse of period, so the two values can...

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characteristics of simple harmonic motion

characteristics-of-simple-harmonic-motion

Simple Harmonic Motion: Period and Phase

Simple harmonic motion depends on how displacement, force, and acceleration work together. In this motion, the acceleration of the system, and therefore the net force, is proportional to the displacement and points in the opposite direction. That restoring force pulls the object back toward equilibrium. The period and frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator do not depend on amplitude. A diving board shows this idea well. A stiff, thick diving board has a large force constant, so it has a...

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oscillations about an equilibrium position

oscillations-about-an-equilibrium-position

Stable Equilibrium and Atomic Oscillation

Stable equilibrium is a key idea in oscillation. When an object sits at a stable equilibrium point, a small push moves it away, but it then tends to oscillate around that point. If the equilibrium point is unstable, a slight disturbance will not bring the object back. The transcript also describes a half-stable equilibrium point. It is still considered unstable, but the name comes from the fact that the force on only one side points toward the equilibrium point. That makes it different from a...

energy in simple harmonic motion

Simple Harmonic Motion: Energy and Speed

Simple harmonic motion combines potential energy and kinetic energy. In a spring-like oscillator, Hooke’s law explains the potential energy stored when the string or spring is stretched or compressed. Because there are no dissipative forces, the object also has kinetic energy as it moves.

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frequency of spring-mass system

How Mass and Spring Stiffness Set Oscillation

A spring-mass system shows simple harmonic motion, and its oscillation rate depends on the mass and the spring force constant. In this model, the angular frequency, period, and frequency are set by those two values. They do not depend on the motion’s amplitude or on the initial conditions. To find these relationships, the system can be analyzed with Newton’s second law. Imagine a block on a spring on a frictionless surface. Three forces act on the mass: weight, the normal force, and the spring...

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simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion

simple-harmonic-motion-and-uniform-circular-motion

Simple Harmonic Motion from Circular Motion

Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion are closely linked. Simple harmonic motion is oscillatory motion in a system where the net force follows Hooke’s law. Uniform circular motion is motion along a circular path at constant speed. A simple way to create simple harmonic motion is to use uniform circular motion. One example is a ball attached to a vertical turntable that spins at a steady rate. If you watch the ball’s shadow on the floor, the shadow, or projection, moves in simple...

problem solving: energy in simple harmonic motion

problem-solving-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion

Energy Conservation in Simple Harmonic Motion

Energy conservation in simple harmonic motion explains how a spring and mass system shares energy as it moves back and forth around equilibrium. Simple harmonic motion, or SHM, is periodic motion in time and position. The object oscillates with a constant amplitude and frequency. In SHM, kinetic energy and potential energy change into each other continuously. A good example is the spring in a car shock absorber as the car moves on a bumpy road. The wheel attached to the spring oscillates in...

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simple pendulum

Pendulum Motion and Period

A simple pendulum is a small ball, or bob, hanging from a string that has negligible mass and does not stretch. Pendulums appear in everyday life, including clocks, swing sets, and a sinker on a fishing line. Their motion is a useful model for studying repeating movement. The period of a simple pendulum depends on two factors: its length and the acceleration due to gravity. The period does not depend on the bob’s mass or on the maximum displacement. For small angles, the pendulum behaves like...

torsional pendulum

Angular Oscillation in a Torsion String

Angular oscillation in a torsion string is shown by a rigid body suspended from a string that twists as it moves. The twisting of the string provides the restoring force. The string is ideally massless, and in practice its mass is much smaller than the rigid body&amp;#39;s mass, so it is neglected. When the angular displacement is small, the motion can be modeled as linear angular oscillation. The amplitude is measured as an angle. In this system, the role of mass is played by the rigid...

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physical pendulum

Physical Pendulum Motion and Inertia

A physical pendulum is a rigid body that hangs from a fixed pivot point and swings when it is displaced. Its motion is similar to a simple pendulum. To describe that motion, physicists use the small-angle approximation, where sin θ ≈ θ. This approximation is valid up to about 14°. The period and angular frequency of a physical pendulum can be found by comparing it with a spring-mass system. The mass moment of inertia is the key quantity that describes how the body’s mass is spread around the...

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measuring acceleration due to gravity

Pendulums can be used to measure the acceleration due to gravity. A simple pendulum is a point mass attached to a string. A physical pendulum is an object that swings in a similar way, but its mass is spread out, so it cannot be treated as a point mass on a string. A physical pendulum is described using rotational motion and moment of inertia. In both types of pendulum, gravity provides the restoring force that brings the object back toward the middle of its swing. For a simple pendulum,...

damped oscillations

Energy Loss in Oscillations

Oscillations in the real world often lose energy as they move. A system that keeps the same amplitude without any loss is called undamped. That kind of motion is rare, because friction and other non-conservative forces usually reduce the motion over time. Common examples show this clearly. A guitar string stops vibrating a few seconds after it is plucked. A swing also needs a person to keep pushing it if the motion is to continue. In some devices, such as car shock absorbers, damping is useful...

types of damping

How Damping Changes Oscillations

Damping changes how a system oscillates by reducing its back-and-forth motion. As damping increases, the period and frequency begin to change because damping opposes motion and lowers the net force in both directions. When damping is very large, the system stops oscillating altogether. It then moves slowly toward equilibrium. An overdamped system reaches equilibrium slowly. An underdamped system reaches equilibrium faster, but it oscillates around the equilibrium point while doing so. A...

forced oscillations

Resonance in Driven Oscillators

Resonance in driven oscillators describes how a periodic force changes an object’s motion. A driven oscillator may first move in a messy way. These early motions are called transients. After the transients die out, the oscillator reaches a steady state. In this state, the motion becomes periodic and the displacement is determined. The amplitude of a driven oscillator can be found from the equations for force and motion. That amplitude depends on the natural frequency of the system and the...

concept of resonance and its characteristics

concept-of-resonance-and-its-characteristics

Resonance in Music, Cars, and Radios

Resonance is a key feature of driven oscillators, and it depends strongly on damping. Damping is the process that reduces motion by removing energy from the system. When a system must resonate at one specific frequency, very light damping is needed. Piano strings and many other musical instruments are common examples of this kind of response. Heavy damping works better when the goal is small-amplitude oscillations. A car suspension system uses this approach so that bumps do not produce large...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how simple and physical pendulums can be used to measure acceleration due to gravity, using period, length, moment of inertia, and center of mass.

Using Pendulums to Find Gravity | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Using Pendulums to Find Gravity

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