Name: op-amp adders and subtractors
Uploaded: 2024-04-11T12:48:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

가산 증폭기 또는 가산기는 연산 증폭기를 사용하여 여러 입력 신호를 단일 출력으로 결합합니다.
반대로, 차이 증폭기 또는 감산기는 두 입력 신호 간의 차이를 증폭합니다.
연산 증폭기가 있는 오디오 믹서 회로를 생각해 보십시오.
오디오 신호가 입력 채널로 공급되면 입력 저항기는 피드백 저항기를 통해 흐르는 전류를 생성하여 출력 전압을 생성합니다.
옴의 법칙과 함께 연산 증폭기의 입력 노드에서 Kirchhoff의 전류 법칙을 사용하면 결과 출력 전압은 입력 신호의 가중 합에 비례합니다.
기본 차동 연산 증폭기 회로는 이 믹스에서 오디오 트랙 잡음을 부분적으로 줄일 수 있습니다.
반전 절점과 비반전 절점에 KCL을 적용하면 두 개의 방정식이 생성됩니다. 두 노드에서 동일한 전압으로 출력 전압 표현이 얻어집니다.
차동 증폭기는 저항 비율이 특정 조건을 충족하는 경우에만 두 입력에 공통된 신호를 무효화할 수 있습니다. 결과적으로 차동 출력이 얻어집니다.
저항 R2 가 R1 이고 R3 가 R4 인 경우 차이 증폭기는 감산기로 작동합니다.

합과 차이 연산 증폭기

연산 증폭기(op-amp)는 증폭 이상의 기능을 갖춘 다용도 장치입니다. 이러한 맥락에서 합산 ​​증폭기와 차동 증폭기라는 두 가지 특정 연산 증폭기 구성을 살펴봅니다.

합산 증폭기 또는 가산기는 연산 증폭기를 사용하여 여러 입력 신호를 단일 출력 신호로 병합합니다. 오디오 신호가 입력 채널에 도입되면 입력 저항은 피드백 저항을 통과하는 전류를 시작하여 출력 전압을 생성합니다. 키르히호프의 전류 법칙과 옴의 법칙을 적용하면 출력 전압은 입력 신호의 가중 합이 됩니다. 이 기본 차동 연산 증폭기 회로는 오디오 믹서 애플리케이션에서 오디오 트랙 잡음을 완화하는 역할을 합니다.

<img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15079/15079_PT_Equation_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 32px;">

반대로, 감산기라고도 불리는 차동 증폭기는 두 입력 신호 간의 차이를 증폭합니다. 반전 노드와 비반전 노드에 키르히호프의 현행법칙을 적용하여 두 개의 방정식이 확립됩니다. 두 노드에 동일한 전압이 존재할 때 출력 전압 표현식이 파생됩니다. 그러나 차동 증폭기가 입력 간의 공통 신호를 무효화하려면 특정 저항비 조건을 충족해야 합니다. 해당 가지의 저항이 동일할 때 차동 증폭기는 감산기 역할을 합니다.

<img alt="Equation2" src="/files/ftp_upload/15079/15079_PT_Equation_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 32px;">

요약하면, 연산 증폭기는 증폭과 덧셈 및 뺄셈 작업을 수행하는 기능을 제공합니다. 합산 증폭기는 입력을 가중 합계로 결합합니다. 차동 증폭기는 두 입력 간의 차이를 증폭하고 공통 신호를 거부합니다. 이러한 구성을 이해하면 신호 처리 및 회로 설계에 많은 실제 응용 프로그램을 적용할 수 있는 기회가 열립니다.

가산 증폭기 또는 가산기는 연산 증폭기를 사용하여 여러 입력 신호를 단일 출력으로 결합합니다.
반대로, 차이는 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

전기공학

Unit 1

제1단원

Operational Amplifiers

연산 증폭기

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

Sum and Difference OpAmps

op-amp adders and subtractors

Operational amplifiers can be wired to add or subtract signals. In these two op-amp setups, the summing amplifier combines several input signals into one output, while the difference amplifier compares two inputs and amplifies their difference.

A summing amplifier is also called an adder. Input signals, such as audio signals, enter through input resistors. These resistors send currents through the feedback resistor, which produces an output voltage. Using Kirchhoff's current law and Ohm's Law, the output becomes a weighted sum of the inputs. This type of circuit can help reduce noise in audio mixer applications.

A difference amplifier is also called a subtractor. It amplifies the difference between two input signals. To describe its behavior, two equations are written by applying Kirchhoff's current law at the inverting and non-inverting nodes. When equal voltages appear across both nodes, an output voltage expression can be derived. Specific resistance ratios must be met for the circuit to cancel signals that are common to both inputs. When the resistances in the matching branches are equal, the difference amplifier works as a subtractor.

These op-amp circuits show that operational amplifiers do more than boost signals. They can perform addition and subtraction in circuit design. The summing amplifier creates a weighted total of multiple inputs, and the difference amplifier rejects common signals while highlighting the difference between two inputs. These ideas are useful in signal processing and many practical electronics applications.

Op-Amp Adders and Subtractors

operational amplifiers

Operational Amplifier Pinout and Signal Use

An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a flexible circuit building block used in many electronic designs. It can act like a voltage-controlled voltage source, and it can also be used to create a voltage- or current-controlled current source. When resistors and capacitors are connected to its terminals, an op-amp can perform mathematical operations on signals. Op-amps are able to sum signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or differentiate it. These features make them useful in practical...

characteristics of opamp

Op-Amp Gain, Feedback, and Saturation

An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is an electronic circuit component used with other circuit parts to carry out a signal-processing task. It is often described with an equivalent circuit model. In that model, the output section includes a voltage-controlled source in parallel with the output resistance, R o. The model also shows the input resistance, R i, which is the Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at the input terminals. The differential input voltage, v d, is the difference between...

design example: vintage mixing console

Op-Amp Preamp for a Vintage Console

A sound engineer designs an op-amp pre-amplifier for a vintage mixing console. The console’s output is too low for modern recording equipment, so the signal must be boosted before it can be used. The goal is to build a preamp that raises the audio level without changing the console’s character. The design must meet three clear requirements. It needs a gain of 10, an input impedance above 10 kilo-ohms so the console is not overloaded, and a frequency range that covers the full audio spectrum...

inverting and non-inverting opamps

Op-Amp Gain: Inverting, Noninverting, Buffer

Operational amplifiers can be used as inverting, noninverting, and buffer amplifiers. In these circuits, the output voltage depends on the input voltage and the resistor setup around the op-amp. In an inverting amplifier, the input voltage is sent through a resistor to the inverting terminal. The non-inverting terminal is grounded, and a feedback resistor links the inverting terminal to the output. Using Kirchhoff's Current Law and an ideal op-amp model, the gain can be found. This circuit...

sum and difference opamps

Operational amplifiers can be wired to add or subtract signals. In these two op-amp setups, the summing amplifier combines several input signals into one output, while the difference amplifier compares two inputs and amplifies their difference. A summing amplifier is also called an adder. Input signals, such as audio signals, enter through input resistors. These resistors send currents through the feedback resistor, which produces an output voltage. Using Kirchhoff's current law and Ohm's Law,...

characteristics of practical op amps

Op Amp Noise Rejection and Buffering

Practical op amps are used to separate useful signals from unwanted noise. A difference amplifier should ideally amplify only the difference between two input signals. In real circuits, though, the output depends on both differential gain and common-mode gain. The common-mode rejection ratio, or CMRR, measures how well an op amp rejects common-mode signals. Common-mode signals are the same on both inputs. A higher CMRR helps an op amp ignore noise and amplify the wanted signal, such as music...

integrator and differentiator

Op-Amp Circuits in Cruise Control

Op-amp circuits are used in cruise control systems to help cars keep a constant speed. In these systems, operational amplifiers, or op-amps, can work as integrators and differentiators. Both circuits use resistors and capacitors, which makes them compact and cost-effective. An integrator circuit produces an output that is proportional to the integral of the input signal. It is made by replacing the feedback resistor in a standard inverting amplifier with a capacitor. The output and input...

cascaded op amps

Op Amp Stages in Series

Operational amplifiers can be connected in series as separate stages. This cascade works because op-amps have very high input resistance and very low output resistance. Those properties help each stage keep its input-output relationship while driving the next stage. In a cascaded op-amp circuit, the output of one stage becomes the input of the next. Each stage adds gain to the signal as it passes through. The overall gain is the product of the gain of each stage. This design can improve...

instrumentation amplifier

ECG Signal Amplifier Design

An ECG signal amplifier helps an electrocardiography machine measure the heart’s electrical activity. ECG electrodes detect tiny voltage changes on the skin that come from depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. These signals are in the microvolt range, so they can be easily hidden by noise or interference. To solve this problem, ECG machines use an instrumentation amplifier. This amplifier boosts the ECG waveform while reducing common-mode noise, which is interference that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how op-amp adders and subtractors combine signals, compare two inputs, and use resistor ratios to create weighted sums and signal rejection.

Op-Amp Adders and Subtractors | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Op-Amp Adders and Subtractors

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