Name: transfer function gain and origin effects
Uploaded: 2024-07-08T13:20:02.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

표준 형식으로 표현된 시스템의 전달 함수를 고려하십시오.
전달 함수는 상수 이득, 원점에서의 0과 극점, 단순 극점, 단순 극점, 2차 극점, 2차 0을 갖습니다.
개별 요인에 대한 보드 플롯은 개별적으로 플롯되고 그래픽으로 결합됩니다.
양의 상수 이득 항의 경우 크기 이득은 일정하고 위상각은 0이며 주파수에 독립적입니다.
음의 상수 이득 항의 경우 크기 이득은 동일하게 유지되고 위상각은 ±180°입니다.
원점에서 0을 갖는 전달 함수의 경우, 크기 플롯은 20dB/decade의 양의 기울기를 갖는 직선을 나타냅니다. 위상 플롯은 90°의 일정한 위상각을 나타냅니다.
원점에 있는 극의 경우 크기 플롯의 기울기는 -20dB/decade이고 위상 변이는 -90°입니다.
원점에 둘 이상의 극점 또는 0이 있는 경우, 크기 플롯 및 위상 변이의 기울기에 원점에 존재하는 극점 또는 0의 수를 곱합니다.

주파수 응답

표준 형식으로 제시된 전달 함수는 요소의 상수 이득, 원점의 영점 및 극점, 단순 영점 및 극점, 2차 극점 및 영점을 통합합니다. 전달 함수는 H(Ω)로 쓸 수 있습니다.
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15141/15141_Equation_1.svg" style="height: 40px;">
종종 표준 형식으로 표현되는 전달 함수 H(Ω)는 전달 함수의 다항식 계수를 정규화하여 파생됩니다. 극점(jΩ)과 영점(jΩ)은 시스템 출력의 크기와 위상이 크게 변하는 중요한 주파수입니다.
이득 K:
전달 함수는 크기가 20 log_10K이고 양의 K 값에 대해 위상 각도가 0°인 상수 항 K를 갖습니다. 크기와 위상은 모두 주파수에 따라 일정합니다. K가 음수이면 크기는 변하지 않지만 위상은 ±180°입니다. 게인 K = 1이면 크기는 위상각과 함께 0이 됩니다. 보드 플롯 항에서 크기는 데시벨(dB)로 20log_10K로 표시되며 위상은 K의 부호에 따라 0° 또는 180°로 유지됩니다.
원점의 극점/영점:
원점의 극점 또는 영점은 플롯에 결정적인 영향을 미칩니다. 원점에서 0(jΩ)^+1의 크기는 20log_10 Ω이고 위상은 90°입니다. 크기 플롯의 기울기는 20dB/decade이고 위상은 주파수에 따라 일정합니다.
원점에서 극(jΩ)^-1의 경우 크기는 -20dB/decade이고 위상은 -90°입니다. 일반적으로 N이 정수인 (jΩ)^N의 경우 크기 플롯의 기울기는 -20NdB/decade이고 위상은 90N°입니다.
원점에서 일정한 크기 K, 극점/영점은 주파수에 따라 변하지 않는 위상각을 갖습니다. 영점/극점의 경우 원점에서 극점/영점의 개수가 변경되면 위상각도 변경됩니다.

표준 형식으로 표현된 시스템의 전달 함수를 고려하십시오.
전달 함수는 일정한 이득, 원점에서 0과 극, ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

전기공학

Unit 1

제1단원

Frequency Response

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

Transfer function and Bode Plots-I

transfer function gain and origin effects

Transfer function gain and poles or zeros at the origin shape a system's Bode plot. The transfer function is often written in standard form after the polynomial coefficients are normalized. In that form, the constant gain, zeros, poles, and quadratic terms all appear clearly. The poles and zeros mark critical frequencies where the output magnitude and phase change noticeably.

The constant gain K creates a fixed magnitude and phase term. Its magnitude is 20 log 10 K in decibels, and its phase is 0° when K is positive. If K is negative, the magnitude stays the same, but the phase becomes ±180°. When K = 1, the magnitude is 0 dB and the phase angle is 0°.

A zero at the origin has a strong effect on the Bode plot. For a zero at the origin, the magnitude is 20 log 10 ω, and the phase is 90°. The magnitude rises with a slope of 20 dB/decade, and the phase stays constant as frequency changes. A pole at the origin acts in the opposite way. Its magnitude slope is -20 dB/decade, and its phase is -90°.

More generally, a factor of (jω)^N changes the plot by an integer amount. For a zero at the origin, the magnitude slope becomes 20N dB/decade and the phase is 90N°. For a pole at the origin, the magnitude slope becomes -20N dB/decade, and the phase is also 90N°. In both cases, the constant gain K and the poles or zeros at the origin keep a phase angle that does not change with frequency. The phase changes when the number of poles or zeros at the origin changes.

Transfer Function Gain and Origin Effects

transfer-function-gain-and-origin-effects

network function of a circuit

How Transfer Functions Shape Circuit Response

Transfer functions show how a circuit responds as signal frequency changes. They describe the link between input and output in frequency response analysis. This makes them useful for studying how circuits behave in electronics and engineering. A transfer function is a mathematical tool that relates phasor output to phasor input. It can be written as voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, or transfer admittance. The poles and zeros are the most important parts of the function. Zeros...

frequency response of a circuit

Inductive Circuit Frequency Response

Inductive circuit frequency response shows how a circuit with an inductor reacts to different frequencies. The analysis starts in the time domain and then moves into the frequency domain. In that step, the inductor is replaced by an impedance, and the circuit is written with phasors, which are sinusoidal signals shown with magnitude and phase. The transfer function describes how the output changes compared with the input at each frequency. A key parameter is the time constant, which is the...

gain

Circuit Gain and Phase Shift

Circuit gain and phase shift describe how a linear circuit changes a sinusoidal input voltage or current. These properties matter in circuits with reactive elements, because the response depends on the input frequency. As the frequency changes, the gain and phase shift also change. Gain compares the size of the output sinusoid to the size of the input sinusoid. If Vin is the input and Vout is the output, the gain K is the ratio of the output amplitude to the input amplitude. A gain greater...

bode plots

Reading Frequency Response on Bode Plots

Bode plots show how a circuit or system responds across frequency. They use a logarithmic frequency scale on the x-axis and gain in decibels on the y-axis. This format makes it easier to display a wide range of frequencies and to see how circuit parts affect behavior over that range. A network function gives the ratio of output to input for a system. Its complex form provides both magnitude and phase angle. The logarithmic gain on a Bode plot comes from the magnitude, calculated by multiplying...

transfer function and bode plots-i

Transfer function gain and poles or zeros at the origin shape a system's Bode plot. The transfer function is often written in standard form after the polynomial coefficients are normalized. In that form, the constant gain, zeros, poles, and quadratic terms all appear clearly. The poles and zeros mark critical frequencies where the output magnitude and phase change noticeably. The constant gain K creates a fixed magnitude and phase term. Its magnitude is 20 log 10 K in decibels, and its phase...

transfer function and bode plots-ii

Bode Plot Slope and Phase Changes

Bode plots show how a transfer function changes with frequency. The standard form includes constant gain, poles and zeros at the origin, simple poles and zeros, and quadratic poles and zeros. Each part shapes the system response in a different way. A simple zero sets the magnitude trend first. The Bode magnitude plot stays flat at low frequencies, near 0 dB, and then rises at 20 dB per decade after the corner or break frequency, ω1. That corner frequency is where the straight-line...

bode plots construction

Reading Frequency Response with Bode Plots

Bode plots show the frequency response of a system with a magnitude plot and a phase plot. Both plots use a logarithmic frequency axis. In control system analysis, this makes it easier to see how a transfer function changes with frequency. To build a Bode plot, start with the transfer function H(ω). After normalization, the function includes constant gain, zeros, and poles. Each term affects the plot in a different way. A constant gain of 10 gives a starting magnitude of 20 dB, since 20...

series resonance

Series Resonance in RLC Circuits

Series resonance in an RLC circuit happens when the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal. An RLC circuit contains a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor. The impedance of the circuit is the ratio of the supply voltage to the circuit current. At resonance, the imaginary part of the impedance becomes zero. The frequency at which this occurs is called the resonant frequency. It depends on the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) of the circuit. Mathematically, the resonant...

characteristics of series resonant circuit

characteristics-of-series-resonant-circuit

Series Resonance and RLC Filter Behavior

Series resonance in an RLC circuit happens when the inductor, capacitor, and resistor are connected in series. At the resonant frequency, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal in size but opposite in sign, so they cancel each other. As a result, the circuit impedance becomes very small and is mainly set by the resistance. The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit can be calculated from its inductance and capacitance. At this frequency, the current reaches its maximum...

parallel resonance

Parallel RLC Tuning at Resonance

A parallel RLC circuit uses a resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected to the same nodes. Because they share the same voltage, the circuit is analyzed with admittance, which describes how easily current can flow. In a parallel RLC circuit, admittance helps show how the circuit responds as the frequency changes. Resonance happens when the net reactance is zero. At that point, the capacitive and inductive effects cancel each other out. The resonant frequency is found from this condition. At...

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Op Amp Gain and Bode Plot Basics

Operational amplifiers are used for signal conditioning, filtering, and mathematical tasks such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. Their frequency response shows how amplifier gain changes as the input frequency changes. This makes the gain of an op-amp a key idea in circuit design. At low frequencies, an op-amp can hold a constant gain called the dc gain, A0. As frequency rises, the gain starts to drop after the corner frequency, or break frequency, ω1. In other...

passive filters

Audio Frequency Control with Passive Filters

Passive filters shape the frequency spectrum of electrical signals. They use only passive parts such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Because they do not need an external power source, they can let selected frequency ranges pass or block others in many applications. Low-pass filters pass signals below the cutoff frequency, ωc, and reduce signals above it. In audio systems, they can send bass frequencies to woofers or subwoofers. For an RC low-pass filter, the transfer function H(s)...

active filters

Active Filter Design and Frequency Response

Active filters use op-amps, resistors, and capacitors to shape a signal's frequency response. They remove unwanted frequency components while keeping the parts of the signal that are needed. The design depends on the choice of resistor and capacitor values, which set the cutoff points and help define the overall response. A first-order low-pass active filter passes signals below a cutoff frequency and reduces signals above it. Its transfer function includes the low-frequency gain, also called...

scaling

Circuit Component Scaling for Filters

Circuit component scaling helps turn simple circuit values into practical ones for filter design and circuit analysis. Engineers often start with standard values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad because they make examples and problems easier to work through. Later, those values can be scaled to more realistic levels. This method is useful in filters, resonant circuits, and many other circuit analysis problems. It reduces calculation complexity while keeping the circuit behavior easy to study.

design example

Touch-Tone Filter Design Example

Touch-tone telephony uses dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling and a filter design example to show how keypad tones are separated. It replaced the old rotary dial with a matrix-style keypad arranged in four rows and three columns. Each of the 12 buttons produces a unique signal pair. Every key press creates two sinusoidal tones at the same time. One tone comes from a low-frequency group between 697 and 941 Hz. The other comes from a high-frequency group between 1209 and 1477 Hz. This...

key terms and concepts

Explore how constant gain, poles, and zeros at the origin affect transfer functions and Bode plots, including dB slope and phase changes.

Transfer Function Gain and Origin Effects | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Transfer Function Gain and Origin Effects

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