Name: bonding and materials in composite masonry
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

복합 석조 벽은 서로 다른 석조 재료 또는 동일한 석조 재료로 만든 두 개 이상의 목재를 사용하여 구성됩니다.
wythes는 모르타르로 채워진 약 3/4 인치 너비의 칼라 조인트 또는 벽이 지어 질 때 리프트에서 그라우팅 할 수있는 더 넓은 공간으로 분리됩니다.
또는 개별 wythes는 함께 결합되어 단단한 벽을 형성하며, 일반적으로 단단한 금속 타이 또는 보강재를 사용하고 겹치는 석조 헤더 단위는 거의 사용하지 않습니다.
물 침투에 덜 도움이 되는 금속 넥타이는 복합 벽이 주로 수분을 흡수한 다음 증발을 통해 대기로 다시 방출하여 비 침투를 방지하기 때문에 석조 헤더보다 선호됩니다.
내구성이 뛰어나고 미학적으로 매력적인 석재 외장재가 있는 전통적인 복합 석조 벽과 저렴한 벽돌이 인접한 와이드를 고려하십시오. 이 두 층은 금속 타이를 사용하여 함께 접착됩니다.
이러한 벽은 외관, 비용 효율성 및 구조적 안정성의 이점을 결합합니다.
모든 wythes에 걸쳐 동일한 유형의 석조 단위를 사용하는 것은 일관된 구조적 거동을 유지하기 위해 하중지지 복합 벽에서 선호됩니다.

복합 석조 벽

복합 석조 벽은 동일하거나 다른 석조 재료의 여러 겹을 결합하여 통합된 구조를 만듭니다. 이러한 벽은 모르타르로 채워진 칼라 이음새, 그라우팅된 공간 또는 더 일반적으로 단단한 금속 타이와 보강재를 통해 결합된 겹을 특징으로 하며 석조 헤더 유닛을 사용하는 경우는 드뭅니다. 금속 타이는 이러한 벽이 주로 습기를 흡수한 다음 대기 중으로 방출하여 물 침투를 효과적으로 최소화하기 때문에 선호됩니다.

전통적으로 복합 벽은 테라코타, 석재 또는 외장 벽돌과 같은 다양한 재료를 벽돌이나 중공 점토 타일로 만든 내부 겹과 혼합하여 외관, 내구성 및 비용 효율성의 최적의 균형을 달성하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 고전적인 예로는 내구성 있고 미적으로 만족스러운 석재 외관과 경제적인 벽돌 내부 겹을 금속 타이를 사용하여 결합하는 벽이 있습니다. 그러나 현대적 관행은 특히 하중 지지 구조물에서 벽 전체에 일관된 구조적 거동을 보장하기 위해 겹을 결합함에 있어 균일한 석조 유형과 석조 헤더 위에 금속 타이를 사용하려는 경향이 있습니다. 이 접근 방식의 한 예는 두 겹을 위한 콘크리트 석조 유닛으로 건설된 벽으로, 보강재, 모르타르로 채워진 칼라 이음새 및 금속 타이로 결합됩니다.

복합 석조 벽은 서로 다른 석조 재료 또는 동일한 석조 재료로 만든 두 개 이상의 목재를 사용하여 구성됩니다.
wythes는 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

토목공학

Unit 1

제1단원

Masonry

석공사

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

Composite Masonry Walls

bonding and materials in composite masonry

Composite masonry walls use two or more wythes, or vertical layers, of masonry to form one unified wall. The wythes may use the same material or different masonry materials. They are joined to work together as a single structure.

These wythes can be bonded in several ways. Builders may use mortar-filled collar joints, grouted spaces, or rigid metal ties with reinforcement. Masonry header units can also connect the layers, but this method is rare. Metal ties are often preferred because they help limit water penetration.

Moisture control matters because these walls absorb water and then release it into the air. Composite walls have often used mixed materials to balance appearance, strength, and cost. A common example is a wall with an outer stone facing for durability and looks, and an inner brick wythe for lower cost. Other traditional combinations have included terra cotta and hollow clay tile.

Modern composite walls often use the same masonry type on both wythes, especially in load-bearing structures. Concrete masonry units may be used for both layers, along with reinforcements, mortar-filled collar joints, and metal ties. This approach helps the wall behave more consistently as a structural system.

Bonding and Materials in Composite Masonry

bonding-and-materials-in-composite-masonry

composite masonry walls

Composite masonry walls use two or more wythes, or vertical layers, of masonry to form one unified wall. The wythes may use the same material or different masonry materials. They are joined to work together as a single structure. These wythes can be bonded in several ways. Builders may use mortar-filled collar joints, grouted spaces, or rigid metal ties with reinforcement. Masonry header units can also connect the layers, but this method is rare. Metal ties are often preferred because they...

masonry cavity walls

Masonry Cavity Walls and Moisture Control

Masonry cavity walls use two wythes, or layers, with a hollow space between them. The outer and inner wythes are linked only by corrosion-resistant metal ties. This design helps manage water and improve wall performance. When rainwater passes through the outer wythe, it moves down through the cavity. Flashing catches the water and directs it toward weep holes, where it can leave the wall. The inner wythe often has damp-proofing on the cavity side. This layer also works as an air barrier. The...

masonry loadbearing walls

How Masonry Walls Support Buildings

Masonry load-bearing walls support floors and roofs and carry those loads down to the foundation. They are built from brick, stone, or concrete masonry units. These walls rely on compressive strength, which means they can resist pushes from above very well. Masonry walls may be reinforced or unreinforced, depending on the building needs. They carry dead loads and live loads while using working stresses that stay below the materials' ultimate strength. That safety margin helps the structure...

masonry curtain walls

Masonry Curtain Walls and Support Systems

Masonry curtain walls use brick or stone veneer as an exterior cladding system. The veneer is supported by the building structure, so the wall can be both attractive and functional. Two main construction methods are used for these walls. One method builds the masonry units in place through traditional layering. The other uses prefabricated panels that are assembled on the ground and then lifted into position. In traditional construction, steel shelf angles attached to the spandrel beam carry...

posttensioned masonry walls

How Masonry Walls Gain Extra Strength

Post-tensioned masonry walls gain extra strength from high-strength steel rods or flexible tendons. These tensioning elements are anchored to the foundation and run vertically through the wall. In some walls, they sit inside the cores of the masonry units. In others, they are placed between the masonry wythes, or layers. The wall is built first with the tensioning elements already in place. After the mortar cures fully, the wall is tightened. Steel rods are tensioned by turning nuts against...

cavity drainage and flashings in masonry walls

cavity-drainage-and-flashings-in-masonry-walls

Moisture Control in Masonry Cavity Walls

Masonry cavity walls use a gap between two wythes, or wall layers, to help control moisture. The cavity is usually at least 2 inches wide, and it may contain insulation. Even with insulation, a clear space of at least 1 inch is kept so water can drain away. Some walls also use a continuous drainage mat to reduce the needed space while still moving moisture out. Weep holes are another key part of cavity drainage. These openings sit at the base of the cavity and let collected water escape. They...

thermal insulation in masonry walls

Masonry Wall Insulation Options

Masonry wall insulation can be placed on the outside, inside the wall, or on the interior surface. The best choice depends on the climate, the building design, and whether the wall is being built new or retrofitted. In hot, dry climates, masonry can help smooth indoor temperatures by absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night. In many other climates, extra insulation is needed to improve thermal resistance. One common exterior method is an Exterior Insulation and Finish System, or...

expansion and contraction in masonry walls

expansion-and-contraction-in-masonry-walls

Masonry Wall Joints for Temperature and Moisture

Masonry walls change size slightly as temperature and moisture change. Builders account for this movement so the wall does not crack or shift out of place. Thermal movement is usually easy to measure and plan for. Moisture movement is harder to predict. New clay masonry units often absorb water and expand over time in normal outdoor conditions. New concrete masonry units behave differently. They usually shrink as they lose extra moisture gained during production. These opposite changes make...

movement joints in buildings

How Buildings Handle Structural Movement

Buildings are designed to handle movement from temperature changes, moisture changes, and structural deflection. If these changes are ignored, they can cause visible damage or even unsafe conditions. Movement joints give building materials room to move without creating distress. Working joints are the simplest type. They are placed during construction and help materials cope with change as the building goes up. Shingled roofs and wood bevel siding are common examples because they can move with...

types of building separation joints

Building Joints for Movement and Stability

Building separation joints help large or complex buildings move in a controlled way. They split a structure into smaller, separate units. This reduces stress when the building shifts under different forces. The joints are grouped into three main types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and seismic separation joints. Volume-change joints handle expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes and moisture changes. They are placed where the building mass has discontinuities,...

efflorescence in masonry

Stopping White Salt Crystals on Masonry

Efflorescence is the white, fluffy crystal layer that can form on masonry walls. It happens when water-soluble salts in brick, stone, concrete, or mortar are dissolved by water and carried to the surface. When the water evaporates, the salts are left behind as a powdery deposit. New efflorescence is often seen soon after construction. In many cases, it can be cleaned with water and a brush. It may also fade over time as rain leaches salts out of the masonry surface. If efflorescence appears...

mortar joint deterioration in masonry

Repairing Damaged Mortar Joints in Masonry

Mortar joints in masonry can break down when water collects in them and freezes. The repeated freezing and thawing makes the water expand and shrink. That process creates cracks in the joints and can spread damage over time. As the mortar worsens, pieces may spall, or break off from the joint surface. Loose masonry units can follow, and the wall becomes weaker. Damaged joints also let moisture move into the wall, which adds to the problem. Good construction helps protect mortar joints. Using...

masonry in cold and hot weather conditions

masonry-in-cold-and-hot-weather-conditions

Protecting Mortar During Weather Changes

Masonry work changes in cold and hot weather because mortar must stay at the right temperature and moisture level. If mortar freezes before it cures, its strength and watertightness can drop. For proper hydration and curing, mortar should stay between 60°F and 80°F. When the weather is below 40°F, the water used for mortar must be heated. The water should not exceed 120°F, because very hot water can reduce compressive strength and bond strength. Masonry units and sand should also stay dry and...

masonry paving

Masonry Paving Materials and Base Layers

Masonry paving uses bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units to create durable walking and driving surfaces. These materials are selected for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be used in different paving setups depending on the site and the load they must carry. Some paving systems are installed dry on a thin sand layer over a gravel base. Others are set in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas with heavy vehicular loads, a...

key terms and concepts

Learn how composite masonry walls use multiple wythes, metal ties, collar joints, and different materials to balance strength, appearance, and moisture control.

Bonding and Materials in Composite Masonry | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering offers a foundational exploration of essential construction materials such as bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete, along with fluid mechanics topics like flow over immersed bodies, open channel flow, and dimensional modeling. It also covers key surveying concepts, including leveling, traverse adjustments, curve design, topographic mapping, and geospatial technologies (GPS & GIS). Science-in-action videos showcase laboratory research on materials, fluids, and surveying practices in real-world engineering systems.

civil engineering

Bonding and Materials in Composite Masonry

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