Name: how buildings handle structural movement
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

건물의 약간의 움직임은 습기에 노출 된 건물 단위의 확장 또는 토양의 물이 얼면서 팽창 할 때 기초가 위로 올라가는 동안 발생할 수 있습니다.
움직임은 건물에 균열을 형성할 수 있습니다. 이를 방지하기 위해 작업 조인트, 구조 인클로저 조인트, 표면 분배 조인트 및 건물 분리 조인트와 같은 이동 조인트가 제공됩니다.
작업 조인트는 슁글 지붕에 사용되며, 작은 스트립이 겹치는 패턴으로 조립되어 조난없이 약간의 움직임을 견딜 수 있습니다.
캐비티 벽에서, 비구조적 외부 wythe를 지지하는 선반 각도 아래에 제공되는 소프트 조인트는 구조 인클로저 조인트의 예입니다.
표면 분배기 조인트에는 격리 조인트, 확장 조인트 및 제어 조인트가 포함됩니다.
기존 건물에 새로운 증축이 이루어지면 격리 조인트가 제공되어 기존 건물에 영향을 주지 않고 새로운 자재를 이동할 수 있습니다.
확장 조인트는 건축 자재의 팽창을 허용하도록 설계된 개방형 슬롯이며, 제어 조인트는 건축 자재가 수축할 때 균열이 발생할 수 있는 곳에 생성되는 약점 라인입니다.
마지막으로, 건물 분리 조인트는 복잡한 건물 구조를 서로의 움직임에 독립적일 수 있는 개별 세그먼트로 세분화합니다.

건물의 이동 이음새

건물의 이동 이음새는 온도 변화, 수분 함량 변화, 구조적 처짐과 같은 다양한 요인으로 인해 발생하는 불가피한 움직임을 수용하는 필수적인 설계 요소입니다. 이러한 움직임은 설계 및 시공 시 고려되지 않으면 보기 흉하거나 위험한 손상으로 이어질 수 있습니다. 이동 이음새는 이러한 응력을 관리하고 재료가 변형 없이 움직일 수 있도록 다양한 형태로 통합됩니다.

가장 간단한 유형의 이동 이음새인 작업 이음새는 시공 과정에서 통합됩니다. 예로는 널판지 지붕과 목재 베벨 사이딩이 있으며, 이는 열 및 수분 이동을 허용합니다. 구조/인클로저 이음새는 금속 프레임 벽의 처짐 트랙이나 석조 베니어를 지지하는 선반 각도 아래의 부드러운 이음새와 같이 손상을 일으킬 수 있는 하중 전달을 방지하기 위해 구조적 요소와 비구조적 요소를 분리합니다.

격리 이음새는 일반적으로 리노베이션이나 콘크리트 슬래브가 구조적 요소를 만나는 곳에서 독립적으로 움직여야 하는 재료 간의 간섭을 방지하는 데 사용됩니다. 조절줄눈은 콘크리트 보도와 석고 벽에서 흔히 볼 수 있는데, 제어된 방식으로 균열을 직접 일으켜 미리 정해놓은 취약선을 생성합니다. 신축 이음은 벽돌 벽과 커튼월 시스템에서 분명히 볼 수 있는 재료 팽창 및 수축을 수용합니다.

마지막으로, 건물 분리 이음새는 복잡한 구조물을 독립적으로 움직이는 세그먼트로 나눕니다. 이는 볼륨 변화 이음새, 침하 이음새 및 지진 분리 이음새로 분류되며 각각 특정 구조적 이동 과제를 해결합니다.

건물의 약간의 움직임은 습기에 노출 된 건물 단위의 확장 또는 물이 발생할 때 기초의 위쪽으로 부풀어 오르는 동안 발생할 수 있습니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

토목공학

Unit 1

제1단원

Masonry

석공사

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

Movement Joints in Buildings

how buildings handle structural movement

Buildings are designed to handle movement from temperature changes, moisture changes, and structural deflection. If these changes are ignored, they can cause visible damage or even unsafe conditions. Movement joints give building materials room to move without creating distress.

Working joints are the simplest type. They are placed during construction and help materials cope with change as the building goes up. Shingled roofs and wood bevel siding are common examples because they can move with thermal and moisture changes.

Some joints separate parts of the building so loads do not transfer where damage could happen. These are structure/enclosure joints. In metal-framed walls, deflection tracks help with this kind of movement. Soft joints under shelf angles that support masonry veneer also reduce stress between structural and nonstructural parts.

Isolation joints keep materials that need to move on their own from interfering with each other. They are often used in renovations or where a concrete slab meets a structural element. Control joints work differently. They create a planned line of weakness so cracking happens in a controlled way, such as in concrete sidewalks and plaster walls.

Expansion joints allow building materials to expand and contract. They are often seen in brick walls and curtain wall systems. Building separation joints divide a large structure into sections that can move independently. These include volume-change joints, settlement joints, and seismic separation joints, which each address a different kind of movement problem.

How Buildings Handle Structural Movement

composite masonry walls

Bonding and Materials in Composite Masonry

Composite masonry walls use two or more wythes, or vertical layers, of masonry to form one unified wall. The wythes may use the same material or different masonry materials. They are joined to work together as a single structure. These wythes can be bonded in several ways. Builders may use mortar-filled collar joints, grouted spaces, or rigid metal ties with reinforcement. Masonry header units can also connect the layers, but this method is rare. Metal ties are often preferred because they...

masonry cavity walls

Masonry Cavity Walls and Moisture Control

Masonry cavity walls use two wythes, or layers, with a hollow space between them. The outer and inner wythes are linked only by corrosion-resistant metal ties. This design helps manage water and improve wall performance. When rainwater passes through the outer wythe, it moves down through the cavity. Flashing catches the water and directs it toward weep holes, where it can leave the wall. The inner wythe often has damp-proofing on the cavity side. This layer also works as an air barrier. The...

masonry loadbearing walls

How Masonry Walls Support Buildings

Masonry load-bearing walls support floors and roofs and carry those loads down to the foundation. They are built from brick, stone, or concrete masonry units. These walls rely on compressive strength, which means they can resist pushes from above very well. Masonry walls may be reinforced or unreinforced, depending on the building needs. They carry dead loads and live loads while using working stresses that stay below the materials' ultimate strength. That safety margin helps the structure...

masonry curtain walls

Masonry Curtain Walls and Support Systems

Masonry curtain walls use brick or stone veneer as an exterior cladding system. The veneer is supported by the building structure, so the wall can be both attractive and functional. Two main construction methods are used for these walls. One method builds the masonry units in place through traditional layering. The other uses prefabricated panels that are assembled on the ground and then lifted into position. In traditional construction, steel shelf angles attached to the spandrel beam carry...

posttensioned masonry walls

How Masonry Walls Gain Extra Strength

Post-tensioned masonry walls gain extra strength from high-strength steel rods or flexible tendons. These tensioning elements are anchored to the foundation and run vertically through the wall. In some walls, they sit inside the cores of the masonry units. In others, they are placed between the masonry wythes, or layers. The wall is built first with the tensioning elements already in place. After the mortar cures fully, the wall is tightened. Steel rods are tensioned by turning nuts against...

cavity drainage and flashings in masonry walls

cavity-drainage-and-flashings-in-masonry-walls

Moisture Control in Masonry Cavity Walls

Masonry cavity walls use a gap between two wythes, or wall layers, to help control moisture. The cavity is usually at least 2 inches wide, and it may contain insulation. Even with insulation, a clear space of at least 1 inch is kept so water can drain away. Some walls also use a continuous drainage mat to reduce the needed space while still moving moisture out. Weep holes are another key part of cavity drainage. These openings sit at the base of the cavity and let collected water escape. They...

thermal insulation in masonry walls

Masonry Wall Insulation Options

Masonry wall insulation can be placed on the outside, inside the wall, or on the interior surface. The best choice depends on the climate, the building design, and whether the wall is being built new or retrofitted. In hot, dry climates, masonry can help smooth indoor temperatures by absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night. In many other climates, extra insulation is needed to improve thermal resistance. One common exterior method is an Exterior Insulation and Finish System, or...

expansion and contraction in masonry walls

expansion-and-contraction-in-masonry-walls

Masonry Wall Joints for Temperature and Moisture

Masonry walls change size slightly as temperature and moisture change. Builders account for this movement so the wall does not crack or shift out of place. Thermal movement is usually easy to measure and plan for. Moisture movement is harder to predict. New clay masonry units often absorb water and expand over time in normal outdoor conditions. New concrete masonry units behave differently. They usually shrink as they lose extra moisture gained during production. These opposite changes make...

movement joints in buildings

Buildings are designed to handle movement from temperature changes, moisture changes, and structural deflection. If these changes are ignored, they can cause visible damage or even unsafe conditions. Movement joints give building materials room to move without creating distress. Working joints are the simplest type. They are placed during construction and help materials cope with change as the building goes up. Shingled roofs and wood bevel siding are common examples because they can move with...

types of building separation joints

Building Joints for Movement and Stability

Building separation joints help large or complex buildings move in a controlled way. They split a structure into smaller, separate units. This reduces stress when the building shifts under different forces. The joints are grouped into three main types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and seismic separation joints. Volume-change joints handle expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes and moisture changes. They are placed where the building mass has discontinuities,...

efflorescence in masonry

Stopping White Salt Crystals on Masonry

Efflorescence is the white, fluffy crystal layer that can form on masonry walls. It happens when water-soluble salts in brick, stone, concrete, or mortar are dissolved by water and carried to the surface. When the water evaporates, the salts are left behind as a powdery deposit. New efflorescence is often seen soon after construction. In many cases, it can be cleaned with water and a brush. It may also fade over time as rain leaches salts out of the masonry surface. If efflorescence appears...

mortar joint deterioration in masonry

Repairing Damaged Mortar Joints in Masonry

Mortar joints in masonry can break down when water collects in them and freezes. The repeated freezing and thawing makes the water expand and shrink. That process creates cracks in the joints and can spread damage over time. As the mortar worsens, pieces may spall, or break off from the joint surface. Loose masonry units can follow, and the wall becomes weaker. Damaged joints also let moisture move into the wall, which adds to the problem. Good construction helps protect mortar joints. Using...

masonry in cold and hot weather conditions

masonry-in-cold-and-hot-weather-conditions

Protecting Mortar During Weather Changes

Masonry work changes in cold and hot weather because mortar must stay at the right temperature and moisture level. If mortar freezes before it cures, its strength and watertightness can drop. For proper hydration and curing, mortar should stay between 60°F and 80°F. When the weather is below 40°F, the water used for mortar must be heated. The water should not exceed 120°F, because very hot water can reduce compressive strength and bond strength. Masonry units and sand should also stay dry and...

masonry paving

Masonry Paving Materials and Base Layers

Masonry paving uses bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units to create durable walking and driving surfaces. These materials are selected for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be used in different paving setups depending on the site and the load they must carry. Some paving systems are installed dry on a thin sand layer over a gravel base. Others are set in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas with heavy vehicular loads, a...

key terms and concepts

Learn how movement joints help buildings handle temperature, moisture, deflection, and cracking with examples from roofs, walls, masonry, and concrete.

How Buildings Handle Structural Movement | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering offers a foundational exploration of essential construction materials such as bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete, along with fluid mechanics topics like flow over immersed bodies, open channel flow, and dimensional modeling. It also covers key surveying concepts, including leveling, traverse adjustments, curve design, topographic mapping, and geospatial technologies (GPS & GIS). Science-in-action videos showcase laboratory research on materials, fluids, and surveying practices in real-world engineering systems.

civil engineering

How Buildings Handle Structural Movement

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