Name: stopping white salt crystals on masonry
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

백화는 벽돌, 석재 또는 콘크리트 석조 표면에 종종 흰색의 결정질 분말 패치로 나타납니다.
물이 석조 표면에 침투하면 석조 장치 또는 모르타르에 존재하는 수용성 알칼리성 염이 물에 용해됩니다.
결국, 이 물은 표면으로 이동하여 증발하여 석조 표면에 소금 침전물을 남깁니다.
공사 완료 직후 발생하는 백화는 물과 브러시를 사용하여 제거 할 수 있습니다.
백화가 다시 나타날 수 있지만 비와 같은 자연제는 소금 침전물을 씻어낼 수 있으며 시간이 지남에 따라 소금이 점차 석조물에서 침출됨에 따라 백화가 감소합니다.
몇 년 후 건물의 석조 벽에 나타나는 백화는 최근에 물이 벽을 관통하기 시작했음을 나타냅니다.
누출 원인을 수정하면 백화의 추가 발생을 제어할 수 있습니다.
백화를 방지하기 위해 수용성 염이 없는 석조 단위와 모르타르를 사용하고 석조 벽으로의 물 침투를 최소화합니다.
벽은 적절한 지붕 배수를 제공하거나 외부 습기의 침입을 방지하면서도 수증기의 외부 이동을 허용하는 방수 장벽을 적용하여 보호할 수 있습니다.

석조물의 백화현상

Efflorescence in Masonry

석조 벽의 백화현상은 석조물이나 모르타르 내의 수용성 염으로 인해 종종 흰색인 솜털 같은 결정질 분말로 나타납니다. 물이 석조물에 침투하면 이러한 염이 용해되어 표면으로 올라오고, 물이 증발하면서 침전됩니다.

초기 백화현상은 시공 후 흔히 발생하며 물과 솔로 청소할 수 있지만, 어떤 경우에는 백화현상이 다시 나타나며 비와 같은 자연적 요인에 노출되면 석조물 표면에서 염이 침출되어 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 줄어들 수 있습니다. 그러나 시공이 완료된 후 몇 년 후에 석조물 표면에 백화현상이 나타나면 새로운 누수가 발생했음을 의미합니다. 이러한 경우 누수의 원인을 식별하여 보수해야 합니다.

용해성 염이 없는지 검사한 석조물과 깨끗한 모르타르 성분을 사용하면 백화현상을 방지할 수 있습니다. 석조 표면으로의 물 침투를 최소화하면 백화현상도 줄어듭니다. 이는 지붕을 통해 배수가 적절히 되도록 하고 가능한 한 지붕 처마로 보호함으로써 이루어집니다. 또한, 수증기의 외부 배출을 방해하지 않으면서 습기 침투를 방지하는 코팅을 벽에 적용하면 백화 현상이 예방됩니다. 어떤 경우에는 단단한 벽 구조보다 중공벽 구조가 더 바람직하여 습기 침투에 대한 추가 장벽을 강구할 수 있습니다.

백화는 벽돌, 석재 또는 콘크리트 석조 표면에 종종 흰색의 결정질 분말 패치로 나타납니다.
물이 침투 할 때 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

토목공학

Unit 1

제1단원

Masonry

석공사

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

stopping white salt crystals on masonry

Efflorescence is the white, fluffy crystal layer that can form on masonry walls. It happens when water-soluble salts in brick, stone, concrete, or mortar are dissolved by water and carried to the surface. When the water evaporates, the salts are left behind as a powdery deposit.

New efflorescence is often seen soon after construction. In many cases, it can be cleaned with water and a brush. It may also fade over time as rain leaches salts out of the masonry surface. If efflorescence appears years after a building is finished, it often points to a new water leak that should be found and repaired.

Efflorescence can be reduced by choosing masonry units that have been tested for low soluble salts and by using clean mortar ingredients. Limiting water intrusion also helps. Good roof drainage, roof overhangs where possible, and wall coatings that block moisture but still let water vapor escape can all lower the risk. In some buildings, cavity wall construction gives extra protection against moisture compared with solid wall construction.

Stopping White Salt Crystals on Masonry

composite masonry walls

Bonding and Materials in Composite Masonry

Composite masonry walls use two or more wythes, or vertical layers, of masonry to form one unified wall. The wythes may use the same material or different masonry materials. They are joined to work together as a single structure. These wythes can be bonded in several ways. Builders may use mortar-filled collar joints, grouted spaces, or rigid metal ties with reinforcement. Masonry header units can also connect the layers, but this method is rare. Metal ties are often preferred because they...

masonry cavity walls

Masonry Cavity Walls and Moisture Control

Masonry cavity walls use two wythes, or layers, with a hollow space between them. The outer and inner wythes are linked only by corrosion-resistant metal ties. This design helps manage water and improve wall performance. When rainwater passes through the outer wythe, it moves down through the cavity. Flashing catches the water and directs it toward weep holes, where it can leave the wall. The inner wythe often has damp-proofing on the cavity side. This layer also works as an air barrier. The...

masonry loadbearing walls

How Masonry Walls Support Buildings

Masonry load-bearing walls support floors and roofs and carry those loads down to the foundation. They are built from brick, stone, or concrete masonry units. These walls rely on compressive strength, which means they can resist pushes from above very well. Masonry walls may be reinforced or unreinforced, depending on the building needs. They carry dead loads and live loads while using working stresses that stay below the materials' ultimate strength. That safety margin helps the structure...

masonry curtain walls

Masonry Curtain Walls and Support Systems

Masonry curtain walls use brick or stone veneer as an exterior cladding system. The veneer is supported by the building structure, so the wall can be both attractive and functional. Two main construction methods are used for these walls. One method builds the masonry units in place through traditional layering. The other uses prefabricated panels that are assembled on the ground and then lifted into position. In traditional construction, steel shelf angles attached to the spandrel beam carry...

posttensioned masonry walls

How Masonry Walls Gain Extra Strength

Post-tensioned masonry walls gain extra strength from high-strength steel rods or flexible tendons. These tensioning elements are anchored to the foundation and run vertically through the wall. In some walls, they sit inside the cores of the masonry units. In others, they are placed between the masonry wythes, or layers. The wall is built first with the tensioning elements already in place. After the mortar cures fully, the wall is tightened. Steel rods are tensioned by turning nuts against...

cavity drainage and flashings in masonry walls

cavity-drainage-and-flashings-in-masonry-walls

Moisture Control in Masonry Cavity Walls

Masonry cavity walls use a gap between two wythes, or wall layers, to help control moisture. The cavity is usually at least 2 inches wide, and it may contain insulation. Even with insulation, a clear space of at least 1 inch is kept so water can drain away. Some walls also use a continuous drainage mat to reduce the needed space while still moving moisture out. Weep holes are another key part of cavity drainage. These openings sit at the base of the cavity and let collected water escape. They...

thermal insulation in masonry walls

Masonry Wall Insulation Options

Masonry wall insulation can be placed on the outside, inside the wall, or on the interior surface. The best choice depends on the climate, the building design, and whether the wall is being built new or retrofitted. In hot, dry climates, masonry can help smooth indoor temperatures by absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night. In many other climates, extra insulation is needed to improve thermal resistance. One common exterior method is an Exterior Insulation and Finish System, or...

expansion and contraction in masonry walls

expansion-and-contraction-in-masonry-walls

Masonry Wall Joints for Temperature and Moisture

Masonry walls change size slightly as temperature and moisture change. Builders account for this movement so the wall does not crack or shift out of place. Thermal movement is usually easy to measure and plan for. Moisture movement is harder to predict. New clay masonry units often absorb water and expand over time in normal outdoor conditions. New concrete masonry units behave differently. They usually shrink as they lose extra moisture gained during production. These opposite changes make...

movement joints in buildings

How Buildings Handle Structural Movement

Buildings are designed to handle movement from temperature changes, moisture changes, and structural deflection. If these changes are ignored, they can cause visible damage or even unsafe conditions. Movement joints give building materials room to move without creating distress. Working joints are the simplest type. They are placed during construction and help materials cope with change as the building goes up. Shingled roofs and wood bevel siding are common examples because they can move with...

types of building separation joints

Building Joints for Movement and Stability

Building separation joints help large or complex buildings move in a controlled way. They split a structure into smaller, separate units. This reduces stress when the building shifts under different forces. The joints are grouped into three main types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and seismic separation joints. Volume-change joints handle expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes and moisture changes. They are placed where the building mass has discontinuities,...

efflorescence in masonry

Efflorescence is the white, fluffy crystal layer that can form on masonry walls. It happens when water-soluble salts in brick, stone, concrete, or mortar are dissolved by water and carried to the surface. When the water evaporates, the salts are left behind as a powdery deposit. New efflorescence is often seen soon after construction. In many cases, it can be cleaned with water and a brush. It may also fade over time as rain leaches salts out of the masonry surface. If efflorescence appears...

mortar joint deterioration in masonry

Repairing Damaged Mortar Joints in Masonry

Mortar joints in masonry can break down when water collects in them and freezes. The repeated freezing and thawing makes the water expand and shrink. That process creates cracks in the joints and can spread damage over time. As the mortar worsens, pieces may spall, or break off from the joint surface. Loose masonry units can follow, and the wall becomes weaker. Damaged joints also let moisture move into the wall, which adds to the problem. Good construction helps protect mortar joints. Using...

masonry in cold and hot weather conditions

masonry-in-cold-and-hot-weather-conditions

Protecting Mortar During Weather Changes

Masonry work changes in cold and hot weather because mortar must stay at the right temperature and moisture level. If mortar freezes before it cures, its strength and watertightness can drop. For proper hydration and curing, mortar should stay between 60°F and 80°F. When the weather is below 40°F, the water used for mortar must be heated. The water should not exceed 120°F, because very hot water can reduce compressive strength and bond strength. Masonry units and sand should also stay dry and...

masonry paving

Masonry Paving Materials and Base Layers

Masonry paving uses bricks, stones, and concrete masonry units to create durable walking and driving surfaces. These materials are selected for their shape, color, strength, and resistance to abrasion and weathering. Masonry units can be used in different paving setups depending on the site and the load they must carry. Some paving systems are installed dry on a thin sand layer over a gravel base. Others are set in mortar or asphalt on a concrete slab. For areas with heavy vehicular loads, a...

key terms and concepts

Learn why white salt crystals form on masonry walls, how to clean early efflorescence, and how to prevent it with better drainage and moisture control.

Stopping White Salt Crystals on Masonry | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering offers a foundational exploration of essential construction materials such as bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete, along with fluid mechanics topics like flow over immersed bodies, open channel flow, and dimensional modeling. It also covers key surveying concepts, including leveling, traverse adjustments, curve design, topographic mapping, and geospatial technologies (GPS & GIS). Science-in-action videos showcase laboratory research on materials, fluids, and surveying practices in real-world engineering systems.

civil engineering

Stopping White Salt Crystals on Masonry

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