Name: finding ph in acid mixtures
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:06:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.C.1.6.e

Mixtures of Acids

강산과 약산의 혼합물에서 강산은 완전히 해리되어 H3O+ 이온 농도를 크게 높이는 반면 약산은 부분적으로만 해리됩니다.
르 샤틀리에(Le Châtelier)의 원리는 더 강한 산이 평형을 반응물 쪽으로 이동시킴으로써 더 약한 산의 해리를 억제한다고 설명합니다.
0.15M HCl과 0.30M HCN의 혼합을 고려하십시오. 강산은 0.15M의 H3O + 농도를 산출하여 약산의 H3O + 농도를 무시할 수 있습니다.
따라서 산 혼합물의 pH는 주로 강산의 농도에 의해 결정됩니다.
유사하게, 동일한 양의 두 개의 약산의 혼합물이 존재할 때 상대적으로 더 강한 산이 주요 pH 결정 요인입니다.
예를 들어, HF와 HCN의 혼합물에서 HF는 시안화수소산의 Ka보다 거의 백만 배 높은 3.5 × 10-4의 Ka를 갖기 때문에 혼합물의 pH의 주요 결정 요인이 될 것입니다.

산의 혼합물

산을 함유한 용액의 pH는 산 해리 상수와 초기 농도를 사용하여 결정할 수 있습니다. 용액에 두 가지 다른 산이 포함되어 있으면 산의 상대적 강도와 해리 상수에 따라 여러 방법 중 하나를 사용하여 pH를 결정할 수 있습니다.

강산과 약산 혼합물에서 강산은 완전히 해리되어 용액에 존재하는 거의 모든 하이드로늄 이온의 공급원이 됩니다. 대조적으로, 약산은 부분적인 해리를 나타내며 무시할 수 있는 농도의 하이드로늄 이온을 생성합니다. 강산에 의해 생성된 고농도의 하이드로늄 이온은 약산의 해리를 더욱 감소시킵니다. 르 샤틀리에의 원리에 따르면, “평형 상태의 화학 시스템이 교란되면 시스템은 교란을 최소화하는 방향으로 이동합니다.” 강산에 의해 생성된 과도한 하이드로늄 이온은 평형을 방해하므로 평형이 이루어질 때까지 반응은 반대 방향으로 진행됩니다. 이는 약산의 해리를 감소시킵니다. 이러한 감소로 인해 강산과 약산 혼합물의 pH는 강산의 농도만으로 계산할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 강산인 염산(HCl)과 약산인 포름산(HCHO2)의 농도가 같은 혼합물의 pH는 HCl의 농도만으로 결정할 수 있습니다. 혼합물의 HCl 농도가 0.0020M인 경우 pH는 다음과 같이 계산할 수 있습니다.

pH = -log(0.002) = 2.7

여기서 HCHO2에 의해 생성된 하이드로늄 이온의 농도와 물의 자가이온화는 무시할 수 있는 수준이므로 무시할 수 있습니다.

서로 다른 해리 상수를 갖는 두 개의 약산의 혼합물

두 가지 약산의 혼합물에서 혼합물의 pH는 해리 상수가 약산보다 훨씬 높을 경우 강산에 의해 결정됩니다. 예를 들어, 같은 농도의 아질산(HNO2)과 차아염소산(HClO)의 혼합물에서 HNO2는 Ka (4.6 × 10−4)가 약 10,000배이므로 혼합물의 pH를 결정하는 주요 요인이 됩니다. HClO의 Ka (2.9 × 10−8) 보다 높다. Le Chatelier의 원리에 따르면 HClO는 HNO2가 있을 때 해리가 감소합니다.

강산과 약산의 혼합물에서 강산은 완전히 해리되어 H3O+ 이온 농도를 크게 높이는 반면 약산은 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

분석 화학

Unit 1

제1단원

Acid–Base Titration

산-염기 적정

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

finding ph in acid mixtures

Finding pH in acid mixtures depends on the acids present and their dissociation constants. When a solution contains two acids, the pH can be found by choosing the method that matches their relative strengths. The key idea is that the stronger acid often controls the hydronium ion level, which is the amount of H3O+ in solution.

In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely. It becomes the main source of hydronium ions in the solution. The weak acid dissociates only partly, so it adds a very small amount of hydronium ions. The high hydronium ion concentration from the strong acid also suppresses the weak acid.

This effect follows Le Chatelier’s principle. When an equilibrium system is disturbed, it shifts to reduce the disturbance. In this case, the extra hydronium ions from the strong acid push the weak acid equilibrium in the reverse direction. As a result, the weak acid dissociates less. Because of this, the pH of a strong and weak acid mixture can be calculated from the strong acid concentration only.

For example, a mixture with equal concentrations of hydrochloric acid, HCl, and formic acid, HCHO2, can be treated using the HCl concentration alone. If the HCl concentration is 0.0020 M, then pH = −log(0.002) = 2.7. The hydronium ions from HCHO2 and the autoionization of water are negligible here and can be ignored.

A mixture of two weak acids works differently. If one weak acid has a much larger dissociation constant, Ka, than the other, it will usually determine the pH. For example, in a solution with equal concentrations of nitrous acid, HNO2, and hypochlorous acid, HClO, HNO2 is the main factor because its Ka value, 4.6 × 10−4, is about 10,000 times higher than the Ka of HClO, 2.9 × 10−8. Le Chatelier’s principle also explains why HClO dissociates less in the presence of HNO2.

Finding pH in Acid Mixtures

acid&#8211;base titration: overview

Titration Curves and pH Changes

Acid-base titration uses a known acid or base to find the concentration of an unknown solution. A base can titrate an acid, or an acid can titrate a base. As titrant is added little by little, the pH changes in a predictable way. The pH change is shown on a titration curve. A titration curve plots how the pH of the solution changes as more titrant is added. Scientists use this curve to follow the progress of the titration and to identify the endpoint, which is the point used to stop the...

titration of a strong acid with a strong base

titration-of-a-strong-acid-with-a-strong-base

pH Changes in Strong Acid-Base Titration

pH changes in a strong acid-strong base titration depend on the amount of leftover hydronium or hydroxide ions. A strong acid such as hydrochloric acid fully dissociates in water. That gives the solution hydronium ions and chloride ions, so the starting pH is low. When sodium hydroxide is added, it neutralizes hydronium ions. As more base is added, the concentration of hydronium ions falls and the pH rises. At the equivalence point, the hydronium ions have been neutralized and the solution is...

titration of a weak acid with a strong base

titration-of-a-weak-acid-with-a-strong-base

Weak Acid Titration Curve and pH Stages

Weak acid titration with a strong base changes pH in clear stages. The acid in this example is acetic acid, and the base is sodium hydroxide. Each stage uses a different pH calculation method. At the start, the pH of the weak acid is found with its dissociation constant, Ka, and an ICE table. An ICE table tracks the initial, change, and equilibrium amounts of the acid. This step describes the acid before much base is added. As sodium hydroxide is added, a buffer forms. A buffer is a solution...

titration of a weak base with a strong acid

titration-of-a-weak-base-with-a-strong-acid

Ammonia Titration Curve with HCl

Ammonia titration with hydrochloric acid shows how a weak base behaves as acid is added. The curve is the mirror image of a weak acid titrated with a strong base. In this case, ammonia acts as the weak base, and hydrochloric acid acts as the strong acid. The starting pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia is found with an ICE table and the Kb value. That calculation gives an initial pH of 11.11. As hydrochloric acid is added, the pH begins to fall. After 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is added, the...

titration of a weak acid with a weak base

titration-of-a-weak-acid-with-a-weak-base

Finding the Endpoint in Weak Acid–Base Titration

Weak acid and weak base titration is used to follow how pH changes as base is added. In this kind of titration, both the acid and the base dissociate only partly. The titration curve shows a slow, gradual pH change instead of a sharp jump. A common example is the titration of acetic acid with ammonia. During the reaction, these two species form ammonium acetate and water. Because the pH changes so gradually, there is no simple indicator that shifts color sharply at the equivalence point. One...

solution composition during acid/base titrations

solution-composition-during-acidbase-titrations

Acetic Acid Buffer Changes in Titration

Acetic acid buffer changes during a weak acid–strong base titration. When acetic acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide, the reaction forms water and the conjugate base of the acid, sodium acetate. The mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate acts as a buffer, which helps show how solution makeup shifts during the titration. The relative amounts of acetic acid and acetate ions are tracked with α values. Here, α0 represents the equilibrium concentration of acetic acid, and α1 represents the...

mixtures of acids

Finding pH in acid mixtures depends on the acids present and their dissociation constants. When a solution contains two acids, the pH can be found by choosing the method that matches their relative strengths. The key idea is that the stronger acid often controls the hydronium ion level, which is the amount of H3O+ in solution. In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely. It becomes the main source of hydronium ions in the solution. The weak acid...

titration in nonaqueous solvents

Nonaqueous Solvents for Sharper Titration Endpoints

Nonaqueous solvents can make acid-base titrations easier to read by giving sharper endpoints. Most acid-base titrations are done in water, but water can compete with weak acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance. That competition can blur the titration curve and make the endpoint less clear. Water also changes the partial ionization of weak acids and bases. For example, water can accept a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion is a stronger acid...

titration of polyprotic base with a strong acid

titration-of-polyprotic-base-with-a-strong-acid

Carbonate Buffering in Acid Titration

The titration of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid shows how a polyprotic base reacts in stages. A polyprotic base can accept more than one proton, so its titration curve has two equivalence points. These points mark where one form has been fully changed into the next. At the first equivalence point, carbonate ions are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The region before this point is the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. In this buffer region, both forms are present in the solution. <br...

titration of polyprotic acids with a strong base

titration-of-polyprotic-acids-with-a-strong-base

Polyprotic Acid Titration Curve Features

Polyprotic acid titration curves show how acids with more than one ionizable proton react with a strong base. Each proton is released in a separate step. Each step has its own dissociation constant, or Ka, and each later Ka is weaker than the one before it. When a polyprotic acid such as sulfurous acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the first ionizable proton. This forms an intermediate species, such as hydrogen sulfite ions. The first part of the curve looks...

composition of polyprotic acid solutions as a function of ph

composition-of-polyprotic-acid-solutions-as-a-function-of-ph

Polyprotic Acid Titration Fractions at Each pH

Polyprotic acid titration shows how the main species in solution change as pH changes. In a compound of the form H2M, there are two ionizable protons. That means the titration with a base produces two equivalence points on the curve. As base is added, three species can be present in the solution: H2M, HM−, and M2−. Their amounts are shown as fractions called α0, α1, and α2. These alpha values track how much of each form is present at different stages of the titration. At the start of the...

buffers: overview

Buffers and pH Stability

Buffers help keep the pH of a solution stable when small amounts of acid or base are added. They are made from a weak acid and its conjugate base, or from a weak base and its conjugate acid. This balance lets the solution resist large pH changes until the buffer capacity is exceeded. One common buffer uses acetic acid and sodium acetate. Here, CH3COOH acts as the weak acid and CH3COONa provides its salt. Another buffer uses ammonia and ammonium chloride, written as NH3 and NH4Cl. These...

buffers: buffer capacity

Buffer Capacity and pH Resistance

Buffer capacity describes how well a buffer resists changes in pH. It is a quantitative measure, so it tells how much acid or base a one-liter buffer solution can take before its pH shifts by 1 unit. In the equation, beta is the buffer capacity, while Ca and Cb represent the moles of acid and base added. The term dpH means the change in pH. A graph of pH versus the moles of base added to a weak acid with a pKa of 5 shows how buffering works as more base is added. Taking the derivative of that...

leveling effect

How Solvents Limit Acid and Base Strength

The leveling effect explains how a solvent can limit acid and base strength in solution. In acid-base chemistry, the solvent sets a ceiling on how strong an acid or base can act. Stronger acids or bases may react with the solvent itself instead of with the intended compound. When a base is stronger than the conjugate base of the solvent, it deprotonates the solvent first. A conjugate base is the species left after an acid loses a proton. This reaction keeps going until the stronger base is...

key terms and concepts

Learn how pH is determined in acid mixtures, from strong acid and weak acid combinations to two weak acids with different Ka values.

Finding pH in Acid Mixtures | JoVE K12

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Finding pH in Acid Mixtures

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