Name: cell cycle stages in mitosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

- [Instructeur] Bestaat uit vijf unieke stadia, mitose is een vorm van deling waarbij het genetisch materiaal van een cel wordt verdeeld tussen twee dochtercellen. Ten eerste, tijdens de profase in de mens condenseert de kernchromatine tot x-vormige chromosomen bestaande uit zusterchromatideparen die op centromeer knooppunten zijn vastgehecht. Tegelijkertijd, buiten de kern, migreren twee L-vormige organellen, centrosomen genaamd, naar tegenovergestelde celwanden.

Terwijl ze dit doen begint er vanuit elk van hen microtubuli draden te groeien, ofwel naar de binnenkant of de buitenkant van de cel toe, waardoor een web-achtig spoelapparaat ontstaat. Vervolgens lost het kernomhulsel op tijdens de prometafase, waardoor de chromosomen worden blootgesteld aan de andere bestanddelen van de cel. Eiwitstructuren verschijnen ook aan beide zijden van de centromeer, één voor elk chromatide.

Zodra deze kinetochoren zich vormen, worden ze aan de binnenste microtubuli bevestigd, waarbij elke zusterchromatide aan een andere celpool wordt vastgemaakt. Mitose vordert vervolgens tot metafase, waar het spoelapparaat de chromosomen herschikt zodat ze op dezelfde manier georiënteerd zijn in een vaste rij langs de evenaar van de cel. Met anafase worden aan kinetochoren vastzittende microtubuli verkort en worden zusterchromatiden, nu afzonderlijk aangeduid als chromosomen, uit elkaar gesleept.

Deze en andere microtubuli dynamieken verlengen ook de cel. Tenslotte komen de chromosomen tijdens de telofase aan de andere kant van de cel terecht, waarop het spoelapparaat wordt ontbonden. Het genetisch materiaal wordt losser en er ontstaan twee kernomhulsels, één rond elke chromosomenverzameling.

Tijdens telofase, in een afzonderlijk proces dat cytokinese wordt genoemd, wordt de cel cytoplasmatisch verdeeld. Het eindresultaat van mitose is dus een cellenpaar dat genetisch identiek is aan hun voorloper.

mitose en cytokinese

Bij eukaryoten is de celdelingscyclus verdeeld in afzonderlijke, gecoördineerde cellulaire processen, waaronder celgroei, DNA-replicatie/chromosoomduplicatie, chromosoomverdeling naar dochtercellen en celdeling. De celcyclus wordt strak gereguleerd door interne reguleringssystemen en door extracellulaire signalen die de celproliferatie beïnvloeden.

De processen van de celcyclus duren ongeveer 24 uur (in typische menselijke cellen) en bestaan uit twee belangrijke fasen. De eerste fase is DNA-replicatie, die plaatsvindt tijdens de S-fase van de interfase. De tweede fase is de mitotische (M) fase, waarin de scheiding van de gedupliceerde chromosomen in twee nieuwe kernen (mitose) en de cytoplasmatische deling (cytokinese) plaatsvinden. De twee fasen worden gescheiden door intervallen (G1 en G2), waarin de cel zich voorbereidt op replicatie en deling.

<h4>Het proces van mitose</h4>

Mitose kan worden onderverdeeld in vijf verschillende fasen: profase, prometafase, metafase, anafase en telofase. Cytokinese, die begint tijdens de anafase of telofase (afhankelijk van de cel), maakt deel uit van de M-fase, maar maakt geen deel uit van mitose.

<h4>Profase</h4>

Wanneer de cel de mitose binnengaat, beginnen de gerepliceerde chromosomen te condenseren en worden ze zichtbaar als draadachtige structuren, geholpen door eiwitten die bekend staan als condensines. Het mitotische spilapparaat begint zich te vormen tussen de centrosomen – die tijdens de S-fase werden gedupliceerd – en migreert naar tegenovergestelde polen van de cel. De spil bestaat uit filamenteuze structuren genaamd microtubuli, die zijn opgebouwd uit tubuline-eiwitmonomeren. Spindelmicrotubuli beginnen zich uit te breiden naar de gecondenseerde chromosomen. De nucleolus, een onderdeel van de kern dat ribosomen produceert, verdwijnt, wat wijst op de dreigende afbraak van de kern.

<h4>Prometafase</h4>

Tijdens de prometafase blijven de microtubulusfilamenten van het spilapparaat groeien en eindigen de chromosomen met condenseren. De nucleaire envelop breekt volledig af, waardoor de chromosomen vrijkomen. Sommige microtubuli hechten zich aan de chromosomen en binden zich aan een eiwitstructuur die de kinetochoor wordt genoemd, die aanwezig is op het centromeer van elk paar zusterchromatiden. Spindelmicrotubuli van tegenovergestelde polen hechten zich aan de kinetochoren en vangen de gecondenseerde zusterchromatidenparen op, terwijl polaire en astrale microtubuli helpen de spindels uit elkaar te duwen en de spilpolen aan het celmembraan te verankeren.

<h4>Metafase</h4>

De spilmicrotubuli lijnen elk paar volledig gecondenseerde zusterchromatiden uit langs de evenaar van de cel, bij de metafaseplaat. De cel is nu klaar om te delen.

<h4>Anafase</h4>

De microtubuli van tegenovergestelde spilpolen, die aan de kinetochoorstructuur zijn bevestigd, verkorten en scheiden de zusterchromatiden in het centromeer. De cohesie-eiwitten die de chromatiden bij elkaar houden, vallen nu uiteen. De verkortende kinetochore microtubuli zorgen ervoor dat elke chromatide van het paar – nu chromosomen genoemd – naar een tegenovergestelde pool migreert.

<h4>Telofase</h4>

Zodra de chromosomen de tegenovergestelde polen van de cel bereiken, decondenseren ze en ontrollen ze zich om chromatine te vormen. De filamenten van de spilmicrotubuli depolymeriseren tot hun tubulinemonomeren, die vervolgens worden gebruikt als cytoskeletelementen in de dochtercellen. Nucleaire enveloppen worden opnieuw opgebouwd rond elke set chromosomen.

<h4>Cytokinese</h4>

Tijdens cytokinese in dierlijke cellen vormen actinefilamenten een contractiele ring in het plasmamembraan om een splitsingsgroef te creëren, die de cel uiteindelijk in tweeën knijpt. In plantencellen komen blaasjes uit het Golgi-apparaat, die glucose, enzymen en structurele eiwitten bevatten, samen om een nieuwe celplaat te vormen op de locatie van de voormalige metafaseplaat. De groeiende celplaat versmelt met de plasmamembranen aan elke kant en vormt uiteindelijk een nieuwe celwand die de cel in tweeën deelt.

De mitose is nu voltooid en genereert twee dochtercellen die identiek zijn aan de oudercel. In de meeste menselijke cellen neemt mitose ongeveer één uur in beslag binnen de 24 uur durende celcyclus.

Mitose en Cytokinese

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome ...

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cell cycle stages in mitosis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these phases, and they give the cell time to prepare for replication and division.

Mitosis has five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis may begin during anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and it is part of the M phase but not part of mitosis. As mitosis begins in prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible with the help of condensin proteins. The spindle apparatus starts to form between the duplicated centrosomes, which move to opposite poles. This spindle is made of microtubules, which are built from tubulin proteins, and the nucleolus disappears as the nucleus prepares to break down.

During prometaphase, the chromosomes finish condensing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This releases the chromosomes into the cell. Some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, which are protein structures on the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Microtubules from opposite poles capture the sister chromatid pairs. Other microtubules, called polar and astral microtubules, help push the spindle poles apart and anchor them to the cell membrane.

In metaphase, the spindle microtubules line up each pair of fully condensed sister chromatids at the equator of the cell. This position is called the metaphase plate. The cell is then ready to divide. In anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The cohesion proteins that hold the chromatids together break down. Each chromatid is now a chromosome, and it moves toward an opposite pole.

In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense into chromatin. The spindle microtubules also depolymerize into tubulin monomers, which can be used again as cytoskeletal elements in the daughter cells. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, actin filaments form a contractile ring in the plasma membrane and create a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles carrying glucose, enzymes, and structural proteins join to form a cell plate at the former metaphase plate. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membranes on both sides and develops into a new cell wall. Mitosis is complete, and the result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. In most human cells, mitosis takes about one hour of the 24-hour cell cycle.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

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Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured. There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cell cycle leads to mitosis and cytokinesis, from DNA replication and spindle formation to chromosome separation and cell division.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis | JoVE K12

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Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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