Name: creating transgenic plants and animals
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:38.604Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB2.c

Transgenic Organisms

- [Verteller] Transgene organismen zijn genetisch gemodificeerd om een transgen, een nieuw gen, vaak van een andere soort, in hun genoom te laten inbrengen, zodat het een gewenst eiwit kan produceren.
 Zo zijn bijvoorbeeld transgene geiten ontwikkeld om spinnenzijde in hun melk te produceren, die vervolgens wordt gebruikt voor de productie van uitzonderlijk sterke vezels.
 De introductie van het transgen vindt typisch plaats in het eerste ontwikkelingsstadium, zoals de bevruchte eicel, zodat het in alle cellen van het organisme terechtkomt, inclusief de geslachtscellen, ook wel kiemcellen genoemd.
Door integratie in deze cellen kan het transgen worden doorgegeven aan generaties door middel van veredeling, waardoor een lijn van transgene organismen ontstaat die het vreemde eiwit produceren.

transgene organismen

<h4>Overzicht</h4>

Transgene organismen zijn genetisch gemanipuleerd om transgenen &#x2013; genen van een andere soort &#x2013; als onderdeel van hun genoom te dragen. Het transgen kan een andere versie zijn van een van de genen van het organisme, of een gen dat niet in hun genoom voorkomt. Transgenen worden gewoonlijk gegenereerd door recombinant DNA en DNA-kloneringstechnieken. Transgene bacteri&#xEB;n, planten en dieren stellen wetenschappers in staat biologische vragen te beantwoorden en praktische oplossingen te ontwerpen.

<h4>Een transgeen organisme cre&#xEB;ren</h4>

Wetenschappers beginnen het proces van transgenese &#x2013; het introduceren van een transgen in het genoom van een organisme &#x2013; door een geschikte techniek te selecteren. Er zijn verschillende biologische, chemische en fysische methoden voor transgenese. Een gebruikelijke biologische methode omvat de virusgemedieerde introductie van vreemd DNA in het genoom van een gastheercel, genaamd transductie. Een populaire chemische methode maakt gebruik van calciumfosfaat (Ca3(PO4)2). De methode is gebaseerd op de vorming van een Ca3(PO4)2/DNA-buffers om de DNA-binding aan en het binnendringen van cellen te vergemakkelijken. Fysieke methoden zoals micro-injectie &#x2013; een techniek waarbij een dunne glazen naald wordt gebruikt om genetisch materiaal handmatig in cellen te brengen &#x2013; brengen DNA kunstmatig met geweld in.

Eenmaal in de cel kan een transgen willekeurig of op een specifieke plaats in het genoom integreren met behulp van DNA-reparatie-enzymen (dat wil zeggen recombinatie). Deze transgene cellen vermenigvuldigen en repliceren vervolgens het transgen als onderdeel van hun genoom, waardoor het gen waarin de onderzoeker ge&#xEF;nteresseerd is stabiel tot expressie komen. Het is mogelijk dat een transgen niet in het genoom integreert en daardoor slechts tijdelijke expressie van het gen waarin de onderzoeker ge&#xEF;nteresseerd is, induceert. Gewoonlijk wordt een selecteerbare marker (bijvoorbeeld een gen voor antibioticaresistentie) of een reportergen (bijvoorbeeld GFP) opgenomen samen met het gen van interesse, zodat cellen met succesvolle transgenintegratie kunnen worden ge&#xEF;dentificeerd.

<h4>Transgenen kunnen in dieren en planten worden ge&#xEF;ntroduceerd</h4>

Bij dieren wordt het transgen doorgaans door micro-injectie in een bevruchte eicel in een vroeg stadium ingebracht. De hoop is dat het transgen zal integreren in de geslachtscellen &#x2013; reproductieve voorlopercellen die gameten worden (d.w.z. eicel of sperma) &#x2013; zodat het tot expressie zal komen in alle cellen van het zich ontwikkelende organisme. Bovendien is kiemlijnintegratie erfelijk, wat betekent dat het transgen door middel van veredeling van generatie op generatie kan worden doorgegeven. De transgene dieren worden teruggekruist &#x2013; de nakomelingen worden gepaard met de ouder &#x2013; om dierlijnen te cre&#xEB;ren die homozygoot zijn voor het transgen.

Plantentransgenese maakt routinematig gebruik van een biologische methode, zoals bacteri&#xEB;le vectorafgifte, om vreemd DNA in cellen te introduceren. Rhizobium radiobacter (voorheen bekend als Agrobacterium tumefaciens) is een in de bodem levende, pathogene bacterie die planten kan infecteren en zijn plasmide-DNA in het genoom van de plant kan integreren. Wetenschappers hebben R. radiobacter zodanig gemodificeerd dat het plasmide-DNA een transgen kan dragen. Plantenweefselmonsters worden gekweekt met R. radiobacter om infectie en de integratie van het transgen mogelijk te maken. Deze weefsels worden verder gekweekt op selectieve media die scheut- en wortelgroei induceren totdat de ontluikende plant naar de grond kan worden overgebracht. Deze transgene planten worden teruggekruist om lijnen van transgene planten met hoge opbrengst te cre&#xEB;ren.

<h4>Praktisch gebruik van transgene organismen</h4>

Transgene organismen hebben veel toepassingen in de landbouw, wetenschap, industrie en geneeskunde. Er zijn bijvoorbeeld transgene planten geproduceerd die insectenresistent zijn om de opbrengst te verhogen en het gebruik van pesticiden (bijvoorbeeld Bt-ma&#xEF;s) te verminderen; bacteri&#xEB;n zijn ontwikkeld voor gebruik in biomedisch onderzoek en voor de productie van biobrandstoffen; en transgene dieren zijn gebruikt om medicijnen &#x2013; zoals menselijke eiwitten &#x2013; te vervaardigen en om modellen van menselijke ziekten te cre&#xEB;ren. Wetenschappers maken gebruik van de kracht van transgene planten, bacteri&#xEB;n en dieren om genexpressie te onderzoeken, gewenste genproducten te cre&#xEB;ren of waardevolle eigenschappen te promoten.

Transgene organismen

Overview

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry transgenes&#x2014;genes from a different species&#x2014;as part of their genome. The ...

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creating transgenic plants and animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods.

Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method, which is the process of adding a transgene to a genome. Common methods include biological, chemical, and physical approaches.

One biological method is transduction, where a virus carries foreign DNA into a host cell genome. A chemical method uses calcium phosphate, or Ca3(PO4)2, to form a precipitate with DNA that helps the DNA bind to cells and enter them. A physical method is microinjection, which uses a thin glass needle to push genetic material directly into cells.

After DNA enters the cell, the transgene may integrate randomly or at a specific site with help from DNA repair enzymes through recombination. The transgenic cells then divide and copy the transgene as part of their genome. In some cases, the transgene does not integrate, so it only gives temporary expression of the gene of interest.

Scientists often add a selectable marker, such as an antibiotic resistance gene, or a reporter gene, such as GFP, with the gene of interest. These extra genes help identify cells that successfully took up the transgene. In animals, the transgene is usually microinjected into an early fertilized egg so it can enter germ cells, the precursor cells that form egg or sperm.

If the transgene reaches the germ line, it can be expressed in the developing organism and passed to later generations through breeding. Transgenic animals are often backcrossed, which means the offspring are mated with the parent, to make homozygous lines. In plants, scientists often use Rhizobium radiobacter, a soil bacterium formerly called Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to deliver plasmid DNA carrying the transgene into plant cells.

Plant tissues are cultured with R. radiobacter so the bacteria can infect the cells and insert the transgene into the plant genome. The tissues are then grown on selective media that promote shoot and root growth until the new plant can be moved to soil. These transgenic plants are also backcrossed to produce high-yield lines.

Transgenic organisms have many uses in agriculture, science, industry, and medicine. Transgenic plants can be made insect-resistant, such as Bt corn, to raise yield and reduce pesticide use. Engineers also create transgenic bacteria for biomedical research and biofuel production, and transgenic animals can produce medicines, including human proteins, or serve as models of human disease.

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

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transgenic organisms

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

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genomics

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key terms and concepts

Learn how scientists make transgenic plants, bacteria, and animals using microinjection, bacteria, and other methods to study genes and create useful traits.

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals | JoVE K12

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Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

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