Name: cloning animals with scnt
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

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Biology

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Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Reproductive Cloning

- [Instructeur] Reproductief klonen is de creatie van een genetisch identieke kopie, een kloon van een organisme. Dolly het schaap, gecreëerd in 1996 was de eerste kloon van een volwassen dier, maar verschillende andere soorten zijn sindsdien gekloond, waaronder honden en katten. De meest gebruikte methode om volwassen dieren te klonen is kerntransplantatie of Somatic Cell Nucleus Transfer (SCNT).

Eerst wordt de kern uit een eicel verwijderd. Vervolgens wordt een somatische cel, zoals een huidcel, uit het te klonen dier gehaald. De kern, die chromosomaal DNA bevat, wordt verwijderd en in het ei geïnjecteerd.

De eicel wordt gestimuleerd om zich te delen door chemische of elektrische middelen en vormt een embryo dat in de baarmoeder van een volwassen vrouwtje wordt geïmplanteerd, waar het zich verder ontwikkelt tot de geboorte. De resulterende kloon heeft identiek chromosomaal DNA als het oorspronkelijke dier. Maar het mitochondriaal DNA is vaak anders omdat de mitochondriën afkomstig zijn van het cytoplasma van het ei, meestal van een ander individu.

Ook kunnen er fenotypische verschillen tussen de kloon en het origineel optreden als gevolg van omgevings- en epigenetische factoren tijdens de ontwikkeling, net zoals identieke tweelingen enigszins van elkaar verschillen ondanks het feit dat ze hetzelfde DNA hebben.

reproductief klonen

Reproductief klonen is het proces waarbij een genetisch identieke kopie – een kloon – van een heel organisme wordt geproduceerd. Hoewel klonen kunnen worden geproduceerd door het splitsen van een vroeg embryo – vergelijkbaar met wat er van nature gebeurt bij eeneiige tweelingen – wordt het klonen van volwassen dieren meestal gedaan via een proces dat somatische celkernoverdracht (SCNT) wordt genoemd.



<h4>Somatische celnucleaire overdracht</h4>



Bij SCNT wordt een eicel uit een dier gehaald en de kern ervan verwijderd, waardoor een eicel zonder kern ontstaat. Vervolgens wordt een somatische cel –elke cel die geen geslachtscel is– uit het dier genomen om te worden gekloond. De kern van de lichaamscel wordt vervolgens overgebracht naar het ontkernde ei – hetzij door directe injectie, hetzij door fusie van de lichaamscel met het ei met behulp van een elektrische stroom.

Het ei bevat nu de kern, met het chromosomale DNA, van het te klonen dier. Het wordt gestimuleerd om zich te delen, waardoor een embryo ontstaat, dat vervolgens in de baarmoeder van een draagmoeder wordt geïmplanteerd. Als alles goed gaat, ontwikkelt het zich normaal en wordt de kloon geboren.

Hoewel dit proces is gebruikt om met succes veel verschillende soorten dieren te klonen – waaronder schapen, koeien, muilezels, konijnen en honden – is het succespercentage laag: slechts een klein percentage van de embryo’s overleeft tot aan de geboorte. Gekloonde dieren die overleven tot aan de geboorte lijken ook ouder te worden en voortijdig te sterven. Dit komt omdat hun DNA afkomstig is van volwassen cellen die telomeerverkorting hebben ondergaan – verlies van een klein deel van de beschermende uiteinden van chromosomen bij elke celdeling – als onderdeel van het normale verouderingsproces.

Hoewel het chromosomale DNA van de kloon hetzelfde is als dat van de kerndonor, kan het ander mitochondriaal DNA hebben, aangezien de mitochondriën afkomstig zijn uit het cytoplasma van de eicel, dat meestal van een ander dier is. Ook kunnen er fenotypische verschillen optreden tussen de kloon en het oorspronkelijke dier, als gevolg van omgevings- en epigenetische factoren. De eerste gekloonde kat, Cc, zag er bijvoorbeeld heel anders uit dan de oorspronkelijke kat, omdat het vachtpatroon het gevolg is van willekeurige X-chromosoominactivatie in verschillende cellen.

Ondanks de technische uitdagingen heeft reproductief klonen veel potentiële toepassingen, waaronder de productie van genetisch identieke onderzoeksdieren, vee met gewenste eigenschappen en nakomelingen van bedreigde diersoorten. Het heeft zelfs potentiële toepassingen bij menselijke onvruchtbaarheid en ziekte, hoewel het klonen van mensen nog niet is gebeurd, en dit zou ethische bezwaren oproepen.

Reproductief klonen

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy&mdash;a clone&mdash;of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by ...

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cloning animals with scnt

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally.

In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned. The nucleus from that cell is placed into the enucleated egg by direct injection or by fusing the cells with an electrical current.

The egg now contains the chromosomal DNA of the animal being cloned. It is stimulated to divide and form an embryo. That embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. If development proceeds normally, the clone is born.

This method has been used to clone many animals, including sheep, cows, mules, rabbits, and dogs. Even so, the success rate is low, and only a small percentage of embryos survive to birth. Clones that do survive may age and die early because the DNA comes from adult cells that already show telomere shortening, which is the loss of protective chromosome ends during cell division.

A clone has the same chromosomal DNA as the nucleus donor, but it may have different mitochondrial DNA. That is because mitochondria come from the egg cell cytoplasm, which usually comes from a different animal. Clones can also look different from the original animal because of environmental and epigenetic effects. The first cloned cat, Cc, is one example, since coat pattern depends on random X-chromosome inactivation in different cells.

Despite these challenges, reproductive cloning may be useful for making genetically identical research animals, livestock with desired traits, and offspring of endangered species. It may also have possible uses in human infertility and disease. However, humans have not been cloned, and doing so would raise ethical concerns.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

what is genetic engineering?

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Adult stem cells help maintain tissues by replacing old or damaged cells. These undifferentiated cells divide to make more stem cells or progenitor cells, which then become mature, specialized cells. Small groups of adult stem cells are found in many tissues, including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. The small intestine shows this process clearly. Its lining, called the epithelium, is renewed continuously by adult stem cells. It is also the fastest replaced tissue in the human body,...

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Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Explore how somatic cell nuclear transfer creates cloned animals, why success is limited, and how cloning may support research, agriculture, and conservation.

Cloning Animals with SCNT | JoVE K12

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Cloning Animals with SCNT

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