Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

- [Instructeur] Het parasympatische zenuwstelsel herstelt het lichaam in rustige tijden wanneer er geen bedreigingen zijn en wordt vaak het rust- en spijsverteringssysteem genoemd. Het is een van de belangrijkste divisies van het autonome zenuwstelsel dat onvrijwillige functies controleert door de activiteit van gladde spieren in viscerale organen, hartspier in het hart en bepaalde klieren, zoals de speekselklieren, te reguleren. Wanneer het parasympatische zenuwstelsel wordt geactiveerd, worden signalen van preganglionaire neuronen in de hersenstam en het sacrale deel van het ruggenmerg naar de ganglia gestuurd, clusters van neuronale cellichamen in het perifere zenuwstelsel in de buurt van de organen of klieren die worden gecontroleerd.

Hier wordt de boodschap doorgegeven aan postganglionaire neuronen, die meestal gebruik maken van de neurotransmitter acetylcholine om de activiteit van de doelweefsels te reguleren. Ze verlagen bijvoorbeeld de hartslag, ontspannen het lichaam en stimuleren de spiercontractie in de darmen en de blaas, wat de spijsvertering en de uitscheiding bevordert. Het parasympathische systeem helpt bij de wederopbouw van de energieopslag en het behoud van de homeostase op momenten dat het lichaam in staat is om te rusten.

het parasympathische zenuwstelsel

<h4>Overzicht</h4>

Het parasympathische zenuwstelsel is een van de twee belangrijkste afdelingen van het autonome zenuwstelsel. Dit parasympathische systeem is verantwoordelijk voor het reguleren van veel onbewuste functies, zoals hartslag en spijsvertering. Het bestaat uit neuronen die zich zowel in de hersenen als in het perifere zenuwstelsel bevinden en die hun axonen naar spieren, organen en klieren sturen.

<h4>De “Rest en Digest” Systeem</h4>

Activering van het parasympathische systeem heeft doorgaans een ontspannend effect op het lichaam, waarbij functies worden bevorderd die hulpbronnen aanvullen en de homeostase herstellen. Het wordt daarom ook wel de ‘rust en verteer’ periode genoemd. systeem. Het parasympathische systeem overheerst in rustige tijden, wanneer het veilig is om middelen te besteden aan elementaire ‘huishouding’. functioneert zonder dreiging van een aanval of schade.

<h4>Controle van het parasympathische systeem</h4>

Het parasympathische zenuwstelsel kan worden geactiveerd door verschillende delen van de hersenen, waaronder de hypothalamus. Preganglionische neuronen in de hersenstam en het sacrale deel van het ruggenmerg sturen hun axonen eerst naar ganglia – clusters van neuronale cellichamen – in het perifere zenuwstelsel. Deze ganglia bevatten de verbindingen tussen pre- en postganglionische neuronen en bevinden zich in de buurt van de organen of klieren die ze controleren. Vanaf hier sturen postganglionische neuronen hun axonen naar doelweefsels – doorgaans gladde spieren, hartspier of klieren. Meestal wordt de neurotransmitter acetylcholine gebruikt om de activiteit van deze doelen te reguleren.

Activering van het parasympathische systeem veroorzaakt verschillende effecten op het lichaam. Het verlaagt de hartslag en zorgt ervoor dat de pupillen samentrekken–waardoor het lichaam in een meer ontspannen toestand komt. Het stimuleert ook de spijsvertering en uitscheiding – bijvoorbeeld door speekselvloed, peristaltische samentrekkingen in de maag en darmen, en samentrekking van de blaas om urine te verdrijven. Het helpt bij het opnieuw opbouwen van energievoorraden door ervoor te zorgen dat de alvleesklier meer insuline afscheidt. Ten slotte bevordert het zelfs de voortplanting door de bloedtoevoer naar de geslachtsorganen te vergroten.

<h4>Opstaan</h4>

De controle van de hartslag en de bloedstroom is essentieel, zelfs voor alledaagse taken zoals opstaan. Mensen die lijden aan orthostatische intolerantie (OI) kunnen chronische duizeligheid en flauwvallen ervaren door de simpele handeling van het rechtop gaan staan, orthostasis genoemd. Het autonome zenuwstelsel regelt de noodzakelijke veranderingen in het vaatstelsel en de hartslag wanneer we orthostase uitvoeren. In het bijzonder is het parasympathische systeem verantwoordelijk voor de signalen die vasodilatatie mogelijk maken –het ontspannen van de spieren rond de bloedvaten van de hersenslagaders–. Onjuiste signalering door het parasympathische zenuwstelsel kan bewustzijnsverlies veroorzaken als gevolg van onvoldoende bloedtoevoer naar de hersenen.

Het parasympathische zenuwstelsel

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

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Biology

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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