Name: sympathetic stress response and body changes
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Sympathetic Nervous System

- [Instructeur] Het sympathisch zenuwstelsel bereidt het lichaam voor om actie te nemen op momenten van bedreiging, stress of opwinding, inbegrepen de activatie van de vecht-of-vlucht reactie. Het is een van de belangrijkste onderdelen van het autonome zenuwstelsel, dat de onbewuste functies controleert door de activiteit van de gladde spieren in de viscerale organen te reguleren, hartspieren in het hart, en bepaalde klieren, zoals de zweetklieren. Wanneer het sympathisch zenuwstelsel geactiveerd wordt, zenden preganglionische neuronen in het thoracale en lumbale ruggenmerg, signalen uit naar het perifere zenuwstelsel.

Sommigen zenden hun signalen naar een keten van ganglia, clusters van neuronale cellichamen, die langs het ruggenmerg loopt. Van daar zenden postganglionische neuronen het signaal door naar doelweefsels, en veroorzaken ze een respons, zoals versnelde hartslag en vernauwing van de bloedvaten, zodat meer bloed naar de spieren gebracht wordt. Andere preganglionische neuronen sturen signalen naar postganglionische neuronen in ganglia dicht bij de doelorganen, waar ze effecten hebben, zoals het verhinderen van vertering in de maag en uitscheiding uit de blaas, processen die een lage prioriteit hebben op momenten van stress.

Een derde groep preganglionische neuronen reist direct door de bijnier waar ze de productie van hormonen stimuleren, zoals epinefrine, die de stressrespons door het lichaam bewerkstelligen.

het sympathische zenuwstelsel

<h4>Overzicht</h4>

Het sympathische zenuwstelsel – een van de twee belangrijkste afdelingen van het autonome zenuwstelsel – wordt geactiveerd in tijden van stress. Het bereidt het lichaam voor op de uitdagingen van een veeleisende omstandigheid, terwijl het essentiële lichaamsfuncties–zoals de spijsvertering–remt die op dit moment een lagere prioriteit hebben.

<h4>De ‘vecht of vlucht’ situatie Systeem</h4>

Als student heb je misschien wel eens de ervaring gehad dat je de klas binnenliep en een verrassend examen tegenkwam dat je niet had verwacht. Op het moment dat je dit beseft, voel je misschien dat je maag samentrekt, je mond droog wordt en je hart plotseling begint te bonzen. Dit zijn tekenen dat het sympathische systeem het overneemt ter voorbereiding op een reactie. Hoewel u misschien niet in direct gevaar verkeert, is het systeem geëvolueerd om een onmiddellijke reactie op stress of bedreigingen mogelijk te maken: het bloed wordt weggeleid van het spijsverteringsstelsel en de huid om de energietoevoer naar de spieren te vergroten. Bovendien nemen de hartslag en de bloedstroom toe en worden de pupillen groter om de visuele waarneming te maximaliseren. Tegelijkertijd geeft de bijnier epinefrine af in de bloedsomloop. Je lichaam is nu klaar om actie te ondernemen, of dat nu betekent dat je snel moet vluchten voor gevaar of dat je moet vechten tegen welke dreiging dan ook.

<h4>Controle van het sympathische systeem</h4>

Het sympathische zenuwstelsel kan door verschillende delen van de hersenen worden geactiveerd, waarbij de hypothalamus een bijzonder belangrijke rol speelt. Sympathische instructies van het centrale zenuwstelsel worden vanuit preganglionische neuronen in de thoracale en lumbale delen van het ruggenmerg naar het perifere zenuwstelsel gestuurd – waar ze hun uiteindelijke effecten hebben – via drie hoofdroutes.

Bij de eerste route zijn preganglionische neuronen betrokken die verbinding maken met een nabijgelegen keten van ganglia – clusters van neuronale cellichamen – die langs elke kant van de wervelkolom loopt, vaak de sympathische keten genoemd. Hier activeert het signaal postganglionische neuronen die naar doelorganen of klieren reizen om hun functie te reguleren. Hun effecten omvatten verwijding van de pupillen– waardoor er meer licht in de ogen kan komen; ontspanning van de luchtwegen – waardoor er meer zuurstof binnenkomt, en vernauwing van de bloedvaten en een verhoogde hartslag – waardoor er meer bloed naar de spieren wordt geduwd.

In de tweede route sturen preganglionische neuronen signalen naar ganglia verder van het ruggenmerg, dichtbij de doelorganen. Hier activeren ze postganglionische neuronen die de activiteit controleren van organen zoals de maag, pancreas, lever, darmen, blaas en geslachtsorganen. Effecten van deze route zijn onder meer het remmen van de spijsvertering en het plassen, en het stimuleren van orgasmes.

In de derde route reist een kleine groep preganglionische neuronen rechtstreeks van het ruggenmerg naar de bijnier, waar ze de uitscheiding van de hormonen epinefrine en noradrenaline in de bloedbaan stimuleren – waardoor de stressreactie door het hele lichaam wordt gemedieerd.

<h4>Chronische stress</h4>

Het sympathische zenuwstelsel is geëvolueerd om dieren in staat te stellen zo goed mogelijk te reageren op onmiddellijke bedreigingen, zoals de plotselinge ontmoeting met een roofdier of rivaal. Hoewel mensen de meeste van deze oerangsten achter zich hebben gelaten, kan het sympathische systeem van het lichaam nog steeds op dezelfde manier reageren op stressvolle situaties als wanneer ze een woeste savannekat tegenkomen. Dit omvat de afgifte van de hormonen epinefrine – ook wel adrenaline genoemd – en cortisol.

Onder normale omstandigheden wordt het systeem kortstondig geactiveerd en zijn deze hormonen niet lang in de bloedsomloop aanwezig. Moderne stressfactoren in ons dagelijks leven kunnen dit systeem echter overmatig activeren en het lichaam voor langere tijd blootstellen, wat invaliderende gevolgen kan hebben. Deze kunnen angst, depressie, hartaandoeningen, gewichtstoename en slaapstoornissen omvatten. De eisen van het universitaire leven kunnen uitdagend zijn, dus het is van cruciaal belang om op een gezonde manier met stress om te gaan. Sommige strategieën voor het beheersen van stress zijn onder meer gezond eten, voldoende slaap krijgen, sociale relaties onderhouden en indien nodig professionele begeleiding zoeken.

Het sympathische zenuwstelsel

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

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sympathetic stress response and body changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold.

This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system and skin and sends more energy to muscles. It also raises heart rate and blood flow, and it dilates the pupils to improve vision. At the same time, the adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the blood. The body is then ready to flee or fight.

The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by parts of the brain, especially the hypothalamus. Its signals start in preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and then travel through the peripheral nervous system. These signals follow three main pathways to reach organs and glands.

In the first pathway, preganglionic neurons connect to a nearby chain of ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies along each side of the spinal column. This chain is often called the sympathetic chain. The signal then activates postganglionic neurons, which act on target organs and glands. Their effects include pupil dilation, airway relaxation for more oxygen, and blood vessel constriction with a faster heart rate to move more blood to muscles.

In the second pathway, preganglionic neurons send signals to ganglia that are farther from the spinal cord and closer to the target organs. These postganglionic neurons control organs such as the stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines, bladder, and genitals. Their effects include slowing digestion and urination, and they can also stimulate orgasms.

In the third pathway, a small group of preganglionic neurons goes directly from the spinal cord to the adrenal gland. This triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These hormones help spread the stress response through the body.

The sympathetic nervous system evolved to help animals handle immediate threats, such as a predator or rival. Humans still use the same response during stressful events, and it can involve epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and cortisol. Under normal conditions, this reaction is brief. But modern stress can keep the system active for too long, which may lead to anxiety, depression, heart disease, weight gain, and sleep disorders. Healthy stress management can include good food, enough sleep, social support, and professional counseling when needed.

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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the sympathetic nervous system

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key terms and concepts

Explore how the sympathetic nervous system triggers fight-or-flight body changes, from pupil dilation and faster heart rate to adrenal hormone release and stress control.

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Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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