Name: human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 2 s
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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

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What is the Skeletal System?

- [Verteller] Het menselijk skelet bestaat uit botten die niet alleen samenkomen om het lichaam een stevige structuur te geven, die vorm geeft aan het lichaam, maar ook beweging mogelijk te maken, omdat ze via pezen aan de spieren zijn bevestigd. Een van de belangrijkste onderdelen, het axiale skelet, is gesitueerd rond de centrale as van het lichaam. Hoewel er zich een heel aantal botten bevindt in dit deel van het bovenlichaam, waaronder de gehoorbeentjes van het middenoor, beschermen de meeste van deze botten vitale organen tegen beschadiging.

Bijvoorbeeld, de schedel omringt de hersenen en de wervelkolom is om het ruggenmerg gebogen, waardoor het centrale zenuwstelsel wordt beschermd. Andere organen, zoals het hart en de longen, worden beschermd door het borstbeen en de ribbenkast. Het andere deel, het appendiculaire skelet, bestaat uit botten die de ledematen ondersteunen en bewegen, de handen en armen, de voeten en benen, en de borst- en bekkengordels.

wat is het skeletsysteem?

<h4>Overzicht</h4>

Het volwassen menselijke skelet bestaat uit 206 botten die met elkaar verbonden zijn door kraakbeen, pezen en ligamenten. Het skelet biedt een stevig raamwerk voor het menselijk lichaam, beschermt de interne organen en maakt beweging en voortbeweging mogelijk. Het menselijke skeletsysteem bestaat uit de axiale en appendiculaire skeletten. Botweefsel wordt voortdurend opgebouwd en weggekauwd door gespecialiseerde botcellen die essentieel zijn voor de algehele gezondheid. Ontregelde botcellen en onjuiste niveaus van chemische verbindingen in het bloed leiden tot botziekten.

<h4>Axiaal skelet</h4>

Het axiale skelet bestaat uit 80 botten en is verdeeld in drie gebieden: de schedel, de wervelkolom en de ribbenkast. Het bovenste deel van de schedel – de schedel – bestaat uit acht botten die de hersenen omsluiten, terwijl het onderste deel uit veertien botten bestaat. De wervelkolom bestaat uit 33 wervels: zeven halswervels, twaalf thoracale wervels, vijf lumbale wervels, vijf gefuseerde heiligbeenwervels en vier gefuseerde staartwervels.

De ribbenkast voegt stabiliteit toe aan de wervelkolom en beschermt ook de longen en het hart. Het bestaat uit 12 paar ribben, die via het costovertebrale gewricht aan de thoracale wervel zijn bevestigd. Het voorste deel van de ribbenkast hecht zich via het ribbenkraakbeen aan het borstbeen - het platte bot in het midden van de voorkant van de borstkas. De eerste zeven ribben aan elke kant staan bekend als echte ribben, omdat hun kraakbeen rechtstreeks aan het borstbeen hecht. Ribben acht tot en met twaalf worden valse ribben genoemd omdat ze niet rechtstreeks aan het borstbeen hechten. De ribben acht tot en met tien sluiten echter aan op het borstbeen via het ribbenkraakbeen van de ribben erboven. Integendeel, de ribben 11 en 12 worden zwevende ribben genoemd, omdat ze alleen aan de achterkant aan de wervelkolom zijn bevestigd, maar helemaal geen verbinding met het borstbeen hebben.

<h4>Appendiculair skelet</h4>

Het appendiculaire skeletsysteem bestaat uit de 126 botten van de ledematen en gordels zoals ze aan het axiale skelet zijn bevestigd. Het appendiculaire skeletsysteem bestaat uit verschillende soorten botten.

<h4>Botweefsel en cellen</h4>

Bot staat bekend als botweefsel. De cellen van het botweefsel zijn verspreid in de matrix – de stof die de botten kracht en hardheid geeft. De matrix bestaat uit organische componenten–voornamelijk collageen–en anorganische componenten bestaande uit gekristalliseerde minerale zouten zoals calciumfosfaat, calciumhydroxide en magnesiumfluoride.

Er zijn drie hoofdtypen botcellen–osteoblasten, osteoclasten en osteocyten. De osteoblasten en osteoclasten hebben tegengestelde functies. Osteoblasten bouwen de botmatrix op, terwijl osteoclasten deze opeten. Beide functies blijven gedurende het hele leven bestaan en beide zijn essentieel voor een goede gezondheid. Het opbouwen van bot is belangrijk om de botten sterk te houden; het kauwen van bot zorgt ervoor dat het calciumgehalte in de bloedbaan op peil blijft (wat van vitaal belang is voor de gezondheid van andere organen, zoals het hart).

Osteocyten zijn cellen die zijn gerijpt uit osteoblasten en nu omgeven zijn door matrix. Osteocyten communiceren met het bloed via microscopische kanalen in het bot, waarbij ze de niveaus van calcium en andere mineralen in het bloed meten. Vervolgens controleren ze de functies van de osteoblasten en osteoclasten door stoffen uit te scheiden die de activiteit van deze cellen beïnvloeden.

<h4>Botziekten</h4>

Veel ziekten van het skeletstelsel hebben een gemeenschappelijk kenmerk: zwakke botten als gevolg van een laag mineraalgehalte. Osteoporose wordt bijvoorbeeld gekenmerkt door een verminderde botmineraaldichtheid. Het komt het meest voor bij vrouwen na de menopauze, maar kan ook voorkomen bij mannen en vrouwen in de pre-menopauze. Bij deze ziekte is er meer osteoclast- dan osteoblastactiviteit. Patiënten met osteoporose hebben een sterk verhoogd risico op fracturen, vooral van de wervelkolom, heup en pols.

Een andere wijdverspreide botziekte is renale osteodystrofie. Deze ziekte maakt deel uit van een grotere aandoening die bekend staat als mineraal- en botziekte bij chronische nierziekten. De nieren vervullen vele functies, waaronder de regulatie van calcium, fosfor en vitamine D, die allemaal van cruciaal belang zijn voor de gezondheid van de botten. Wanneer de nieren niet goed functioneren, zoals bij een diabetische nierziekte, kunnen de botten verzwakt en pijnlijk worden, en kunnen de gewrichten ook pijnlijk worden.

Wat is het skeletsysteem?

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

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human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion.

The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull has 14 bones. The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae. These include seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five fused sacral, and four fused coccygeal vertebrae.

The rib cage adds stability to the vertebral column and protects the lungs and heart. It has 12 pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae at the costovertebral joint. The front of the rib cage connects to the sternum, the flat bone in the center of the chest, through costal cartilages. The first seven ribs are true ribs because their cartilages attach directly to the sternum. Ribs eight through 12 are false ribs. Ribs eight through 10 connect to the sternum through the cartilages of the ribs above them, while ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs because they do not connect to the sternum at all.

The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue. Its cells sit in a matrix, which is the material that gives bone strength and hardness. The matrix contains organic material, mainly collagen, and inorganic mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, and magnesium fluoride.

Bone cells have different jobs. Osteoblasts build bone matrix, while osteoclasts break it down. Both actions continue throughout life and are important for health. Building bone helps keep bones strong. Breaking down bone helps maintain calcium levels in the bloodstream, which is important for organs such as the heart. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that come from osteoblasts. They sit inside the matrix and communicate with the blood through tiny channels in bone. They sense calcium and other mineral levels and help control osteoblast and osteoclast activity by releasing substances that affect these cells.

Problems in bone cell balance or mineral levels can lead to bone disease. Osteoporosis is a common example. It is marked by low bone mineral density and more osteoclast activity than osteoblast activity. It occurs most often in postmenopausal women, but it can also occur in men and premenopausal women. People with osteoporosis have a much higher risk of fractures, especially in the spine, hip, and wrist.

Renal osteodystrophy is another widespread bone disease. It is part of mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease. The kidneys help regulate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, and these are all needed for bone health. When the kidneys do not work properly, such as in diabetic kidney disease, bones may become weak and painful, and the joints may hurt as well.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

what is the skeletal system?

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a Long Bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

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How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

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Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

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Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

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The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

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key terms and concepts

Explore the human skeleton, including axial and appendicular bones, bone cells, and common bone diseases like osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease | JoVE K12

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Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

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