Name: matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 3 min 35 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Energy

PS.Chm.7.1

Classifying Matter by Composition

Materie bestaat uit atomen de kleinste basiseenheden van materie en moleculen die worden gevormd door twee of meer atomen met elkaar te combineren. Op basis van zijn samenstelling kan de materie in twee groepen worden ingedeeld zuivere stoffen en mengsels. Per definitie wordt van een materie gezegd dat het zuiver is als het uit slechts één component bestaat, met overal een uniforme samenstelling.Neem bijvoorbeeld waterstof. Waterstof bestaat alleen uit waterstofatomen. Op dezelfde manier is water alleen van watermoleculen gemaakt.Deze samenstellingen verschillen niet van monster tot monster. Zuivere stoffen kunnen worden onderverdeeld in twee soorten elementen en verbindingen, afhankelijk van of ze kunnen worden ontleed. Elementen zijn zuivere stoffen die niet kunnen worden ontleed met behulp van chemische middelen in eenvoudiger stoffen.Waterstof is bijvoorbeeld een element. Samengestelde stoffen daarentegen zijn stoffen die alleen langs chemische weg in hun bestanddelen kunnen worden gescheiden. Water bijvoorbeeld, ook een zuivere stof, kan chemisch worden ontleed in twee eenvoudigere stoffen-waterstof en zuurstof wat betekent dat het een samengestelde stof is.Op aarde komen verbindingen vaker voor dan zuivere elementen omdat de meeste elementen gemakkelijk kunnen worden gecombineerd met andere elementen. Krijt dat wordt gebruikt om op het bord te schrijven, is bijvoorbeeld gemaakt van calcium, koolstof en zuurstof;suiker is gemaakt van koolstof, waterstof en zuurstof. Mengsels zijn, in tegenstelling tot zuivere stoffen, gemaakt uit een of meer componenten.Hun aandeel kan ook variëren van monster tot monster. Limonade is bijvoorbeeld een mengsel van drie componenten-citroensap, suiker en water-en hun verhoudingen kunnen worden gevarieerd om de drank zoeter of minder zoet te maken. Mengsels zelf kunnen worden onderverdeeld in twee typen homogeen en heterogeen, afhankelijk van hoe uniform de stoffen erin mengen.Een homogeen mengsel vertoont een uniforme samenstelling en ziet er visueel overal hetzelfde uit. Het wordt vaak een oplossing genoemd. Een lepel zout opgelost in water geeft bijvoorbeeld een homogeen mengsel omdat elke druppel van dat mengsel dezelfde samenstelling heeft.Op dezelfde manier is limonade ook een homogeen mengsel. In een heterogeen mengsel zijn de componenten niet gelijkmatig verdeeld en dus varieert de samenstelling van punt tot punt. Bijvoorbeeld zand gemengd met ijzervijlsel hier, zullen verschillende delen van dit mengsel waarschijnlijk verschillende hoeveelheden ijzervijlsel en zand hebben.Hoe dan ook, elk mengsel, homogeen of heterogeen, kan met fysieke middelen in zijn zuivere componenten worden gescheiden zonder de identiteit van de componenten te veranderen. Zo kan bijvoorbeeld zout uit de wateroplossing worden gewonnen door het mengsel te verwarmen tot het droog is. Op dezelfde manier kan ijzervijlsel van zand worden gescheiden met een magneet.

classificatie van materie op basis van samenstelling

<h4>Materie: zuivere stoffen en mengsels</h4> Afhankelijk van de samenstelling kan materie worden onderverdeeld in twee brede categorieën: zuivere stoffen en mengsels. Een zuivere stof is een vorm van materie met een constante samenstelling en uniforme eigenschappen. Bijvoorbeeld, elke hoeveelheid sucrose (tafelsuiker) heeft dezelfde chemische samenstelling en dezelfde fysische eigenschappen, zoals smeltpunt, kleur en zoetheid, ongeacht de bron waaruit het wordt geïsoleerd. Een mengsel bestaat uit twee of meer soorten materie die in verschillende hoeveelheden aanwezig kunnen zijn en door fysische processen (zoals verdamping) gescheiden kunnen worden. De componenten in een mengsel behouden hun eigen afzonderlijke eigenschappen. <h4>Zuivere stoffen: elementen en verbindingen</h4> Zuivere stoffen kunnen in twee klassen worden verdeeld: elementen en verbindingen. Elementen zijn zuivere stoffen die niet verder kunnen worden afgebroken door chemische reacties. Voorbeelden van elementen zijn ijzer, zilver, goud, aluminium, zwavel, zuurstof en koper. Verbindingen zijn zuivere stoffen die wél door chemische processen kunnen worden afgebroken tot elementen of andere verbindingen. Bijvoorbeeld, kwik(II)oxide, een oranje, kristallijne, vaste stof, kan door verhitting worden afgebroken tot de elementen kwik en zuurstof. Wanneer sucrose in afwezigheid van lucht wordt verhit, breekt het af tot elementair koolstof en water. Zilver(I)chloride, een witte vaste stof, kan onder invloed van licht worden afgebroken tot de elementen zilver en chloor. De eigenschappen van een verbinding verschillen van de eigenschappen van de losse elementen. Suiker (sucrose) is bijvoorbeeld een witte, kristallijne stof die ontstaat uit de chemische combinatie van koolstof (een zwarte vaste stof in zijn niet gecombineerde vorm) en waterstof en zuurstof (beide kleurloze gassen in hun vrije toestand). Evenzo combineren natrium, een zacht, glanzend metaal, en chloor, een geelgroen gas, zich tot natriumchloride (keukenzout), een witte, kristallijne vaste stof. <h4>Mengsels: homogeen en heterogeen</h4> Een homogeen mengsel, ook wel een oplossing genoemd, heeft een uniforme samenstelling en ziet er overal hetzelfde uit. Een voorbeeld van een oplossing is een sportdrank, die water, suiker, kleurstoffen, smaakstoffen en elektrolyten bevat, die allemaal gelijkmatig gemengd zijn. Elke druppel van een sportdrank heeft dezelfde samenstelling en smaakt hetzelfde. De verhouding van ingrediënten kan echter variëren zonder dat de drank ophoudt een sportdrank te zijn. Andere voorbeelden van homogene mengsels zijn lucht, ahornsiroop, benzine en een zoutoplossing in water. Een heterogeen mengsel heeft een niet-uniforme samenstelling, waarbij de componenten zichtbaar onderscheiden kunnen worden. Italiaanse dressing is een voorbeeld, het mengsel kan verschillende verhoudingen olie, azijn en kruiden bevatten. De samenstelling is niet overal gelijk — de ene druppel kan vooral azijn bevatten, terwijl een andere druppel vooral olie of kruiden bevat, omdat de olie en het azijn zich scheiden en de kruiden naar de bodem zakken. Andere voorbeelden van heterogene mengsels zijn chocoladekoekjes (waarbij we stukjes chocolade, noten en koekjesdeeg kunnen onderscheiden) en graniet (waarin we kwarts, mica, veldspaat en andere mineralen kunnen zien). Elk mengsel, of het nu homogeen of heterogeen is, kan worden gescheiden in zuivere componenten door fysische methoden zonder de chemische identiteit van de componenten te veranderen. Hoewel er slechts iets meer dan 100 elementen bestaan, kunnen er tientallen miljoenen chemische verbindingen worden gevormd door verschillende combinaties van deze elementen. Elk van deze verbindingen heeft een specifieke samenstelling en unieke chemische en fysische eigenschappen. Bovendien zijn er talloze manieren om elementen en verbindingen te combineren om verschillende mengsels te vormen. Deze tekst is aangepast van <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-2-phases-and-classification-of-matter">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Sectie 1.2: Fasen en classificatie van materie.</a>

Classificatie van materie op basis van samenstelling

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

Education

JoVE Core

Scheikunde

Eén

Introduction: Matter and Measurement

Inleiding: Stof en meting

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures

Matter can be grouped by composition into pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance has a constant composition throughout and uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and the same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, no matter where it is isolated from.

A mixture contains two or more kinds of matter in varying amounts. Its parts can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation. The components keep their own identities, so the mixture is not a new substance in the same way a compound is.

Pure substances are divided into elements and compounds. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes. Iron, silver, gold, aluminum, sulfur, oxygen, and copper are examples of elements.

Compounds are pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes. This breakdown may produce elements, other compounds, or both. Mercury(II) oxide can be heated to form mercury and oxygen, sucrose can break down into carbon and water when heated without air, and silver(I) chloride can be broken down by light into silver and chlorine.

The properties of combined elements are different from the properties of the elements in their free state. White crystalline sugar comes from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but those elements look very different when uncombined. Free sodium is a soft, shiny metal, and free chlorine is a yellow-green gas, yet together they form sodium chloride, a white crystalline solid.

Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture, also called a solution, has a uniform composition and looks the same throughout. Sports drink is one example. It contains water, sugar, coloring, flavoring, and electrolytes mixed evenly, so each drop tastes the same. Its exact composition can still vary and remain a sports drink. Air, maple syrup, gasoline, and salt water are other homogeneous mixtures.

A heterogeneous mixture has a composition that varies from point to point. Italian dressing is one example, since the amounts of oil, vinegar, and herbs can differ and the parts may separate or settle. Chocolate chip cookies and granite are also heterogeneous mixtures because their different parts can be seen.

Any mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, can be separated into pure components by physical means without changing what the components are. There are just over 100 elements, but they combine in many ways to form tens of millions of compounds. Each compound has a specific composition and its own chemical and physical properties. Elements, compounds, and mixtures can combine in countless ways to make matter.

Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

scientific laws and theories

How Science Explains Laws and Theories

Scientific laws and scientific theories describe science in two different ways. A law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement that summarizes many experimental observations. It describes or predicts aspects of the natural world that stay the same under the same conditions. A scientific theory is different because it explains why natural events happen. It is a unifying principle that gives a well-supported and testable explanation for a broad set of observations. Strong theories are the...

physical and chemical properties of matter

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Distinguishing Physical and Chemical Changes

Matter can be identified by its properties, which are the features that help us tell one substance from another. These properties fall into two main groups: physical properties and chemical properties. Understanding the difference helps explain how matter changes. A physical property is a feature of matter that is not linked to a change in chemical composition. Examples include density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and electrical conductivity. Some physical properties can be...

the scientific method

How Scientists Test a Hypothesis

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classifying matter by state

States of Matter and Their Properties

States of matter help describe how matter behaves in chemistry. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is found everywhere, including air, water, soil, mountains, and even our bodies. The three common states on Earth are solid, liquid, and gas. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. Its particles, such as atoms or molecules, are packed very closely together and held in place by strong forces, so they only vibrate slightly. This tight arrangement makes solids...

what is energy?

Energy Forms and Conservation

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves...

measurement: standard units

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Measurement gives three kinds of information: a number, a unit, and an estimate of uncertainty. The number shows size or magnitude. The unit gives a standard for comparison. The uncertainty reflects possible error in the measurement. Numbers can be written in more than one way. A value may appear in decimal form or in scientific notation, which is also called exponential notation. For example, the maximum take-off weight of a Boeing 777-200ER airliner is 298,000 kilograms, or 2.98 × 10^5 kg. <br...

classifying matter by composition

Matter can be grouped by composition into pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance has a constant composition throughout and uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and the same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, no matter where it is isolated from. A mixture contains two or more kinds of matter in varying amounts. Its parts can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation. The components keep their own...

measurement: derived units

SI Units, Density, and Property Types

SI units and derived units help describe physical properties in chemistry. The International System of Units, or SI system, uses agreed-upon base units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. Units made by combining these base units are called SI-derived units. Speed is one example. If distance is measured in meters and time in seconds, the derived unit for speed is meters per second, or m/s. Miles per hour is...

dimensional analysis

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Measurement Error: Reading Results Correctly

Measurement error affects how scientists judge the quality of their results. Repeated measurements help show whether results are precise and accurate. A measurement is precise when repeated values are very similar. A measurement is accurate when it is very close to the true or accepted value. Precise values agree with each other, while accurate values agree with the true value. A pharmaceutical quality control chemist can use this idea to check machines that dispense 500 mL of cough syrup. The...

uncertainty in measurement: reading instruments

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uncertainty in measurement: significant figures

uncertainty-in-measurement-significant-figures

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Significant figures and rounding rules help students report measurements with the right level of certainty. A measurement includes every digit that was actually measured, including the last uncertain digit. That is why a value can look simple but still carry useful information about the tool used to measure it. Zero can also be significant when it is part of a measured value. For example, if a scale reads 140 pounds to the nearest pound, the 1, 4, and 0 are all significant. Reporting...

key terms and concepts

Learn how matter is classified into elements, compounds, and mixtures. Explore pure substances, solutions, and examples like sports drink and Italian dressing.

Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core Chemistry brings general chemistry concepts to life using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Plus, in the scientist-in-action videos, we demonstrate classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Physical Science

PS.PSc.1.1

PS.PSc.1.3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Physical Geology

Minerals

Crystallinity (crystal structure)

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.7

CH.7.a

Earth Science

ES.4

ES.4.a

PS.3

PS.3.a

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Earth and Space Science

HS.E1

HS.E1U1.12

HS.E1U1.13

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Earth's Place in the Universe

HS-ESS1-2

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

CHEM.2

CHEM.2.A

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.PS.3.5

9-12.PS.3.5.a

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-PS1-5

HS-PS1-4

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.7

IPC.7.C

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS1-1

C-PS1-2

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

Earth’s Systems

E-ESS2-2.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS5.

States of Matter

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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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Vapor Pressure

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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Heating and Cooling Curves

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Phase Diagrams

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First Law of Thermodynamics

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Internal Energy

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Quantifying Work

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Thermochemical Equations

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Constant Pressure Calorimetry

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Constant Volume Calorimetry

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Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Measure Changes in Enthalpy

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Hess's Law

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Standard Enthalpy of Formation

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Enthalpies of Reaction

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PS.Chm.7.2

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PS.Chm.7.3

Understand the relationship among pressure, temperature, volume, and phase.

Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

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