Name: energy forms and conservation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 4 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

3.2.9-12.Q

What is Energy?

Energie wordt gedefinieerd als het vermogen om arbeid te verrichten. Arbeid wordt gedefinieerd als de afstand die door een object wordt afgelegd in reactie op een uitgeoefende kracht. Wanneer bijvoorbeeld een boek van de grond wordt getild en op een tafel wordt gelegd, wordt er arbeid verricht tegen de zwaartekracht in.Energie wordt onderverdeeld in twee hoofdtypen:potentieel en kinetisch. Potentiële energie is de energie die verband houdt met de positie, samenstelling of toestand van een object. Het is ook bekend als de energie in rust of de opgeslagen energie.Bijvoorbeeld:het boek dat boven de grond wordt gehouden, op de tafel, heeft vanwege zijn hoogte potentiële energie. Deze potentiële energie blijft in het boek opgeslagen zolang het op die positie wordt vastgehouden. Verschillende vormen van potentiële energie omvatten potentiële gravitatie-energie, elektrostatische potentiële energie, chemische potentiële energie, kernenergie en elastische energie.Potentiële gravitatie-energie is de meest voor de hand liggende vorm van potentiële energie en hangt af van de relatieve positie van het object onder invloed van het zwaartekrachtveld. Het boek dat boven de tafel wordt gehouden, bevat bijvoorbeeld potentiële gravitatie-energie. Elektrostatische potentiële energie is afkomstig van het aantrekken of afstoten van elektrische ladingen, zoals de energie die is opgeslagen in een condensator in een elektrisch circuit in de vorm van elektrostatische potentiële energie.Chemische potentiële energie is de energie die is opgeslagen in moleculen. Droog hout slaat bijvoorbeeld chemische potentiële energie op die vrijkomt en wordt omgezet in andere vormen van energie wanneer het hout verbrandt. Kernenergie komt van de atoomkern.en elastische energie is de energie die is opgeslagen in een object vanwege zijn configuratie, zoals een uitgerekte katapult. Kinetische energie is datgene wat wordt geassocieerd met de beweging van een object. Als het boek bijvoorbeeld van de tafel valt, wordt zijn potentiële energie omgezet in kinetische energie door zijn beweging.Kinetische energie zelf bestaat ook in verschillende vormen namelijk mechanische, elektrische, thermische en stralingsenergie. Terwijl mechanische energie het gevolg is van de mechanische beweging van een object zoals een rijdende auto, wordt elektrische energie gevormd door de stroom van elektrische ladingen, zoals te zien is bij blikseminslagen. Wanneer kinetische energie de vorm heeft van elektromagnetische golven, zoals de energie uit zonlicht, wordt het stralingsenergie.Thermische energie is de kinetische energie die wordt geassocieerd met de beweging van atomen en moleculen in een object. Naarmate de atomen en moleculen in een object snel bewegen of trillen en vaker met elkaar botsen, stijgt de temperatuur van het object. De warmte van een brandende vlam is een voorbeeld van thermische energie.Het tegenovergestelde gebeurt wanneer de trillingen of bewegingen van deze atomen en moleculen vertragen. Het object zou dan koud zijn en een lage thermische energie hebben zoals wanneer water bevriest. Al deze verschillende vormen vergemakkelijken de stroom van energie van het ene type naar het andere, of van het ene object naar het andere, om het werk gedaan te krijgen.De wet van behoud van energie stelt dat energie niet gecreëerd of vernietigd wordt het transformeert alleen van het ene type naar het andere. De totale energie van het systeem blijft daardoor behouden. Tijdens boogschieten bijvoorbeeld bevat een pijl die in een gestrekte boog wordt gehouden elastische potentiële energie.Wanneer de boog wordt losgelaten, wordt deze potentiële energie omgezet in kinetische energie van de pijl en wordt de pijl voortgestuwd om het doel te raken. Ook hier blijft de totale energie behouden.

wat is energie?

Het universum is samengesteld uit materie in verschillende vormen, en alle vormen van materie bevatten energie. De verschillende vormen van energie op aarde zijn uiteindelijk afkomstig van de zon, de ultieme energiebron. Planten vangen lichtenergie van de zon op en zetten deze via fotosynthese om in chemische energie. Deze opgeslagen energie uit planten kan op diverse manieren worden benut. Zo voorziet het eten van plantaardige producten ons lichaam van energie, en het verbranden van hout of steenkool (gefossiliseerde planten) genereert warmte en elektriciteit. Omdat alle veranderingen in materie gepaard gaan met energieveranderingen, is het essentieel om te begrijpen hoe energie van de ene vorm in de andere overgaat. Energie wordt gedefinieerd als het vermogen om arbeid te verrichten. Arbeid wordt verricht wanneer een kracht op een object wordt uitgeoefend en dit object beweegt tegen een tegengestelde kracht. Bijvoorbeeld, wanneer een tafel door een kamer wordt geduwd en weerstand ondervindt van de vloer, wordt arbeid verricht. Energie wordt ingedeeld in twee hoofdtypen: potentiële energie en kinetische energie. Potentiële energie is de energie die is opgeslagen in een object als gevolg van zijn positie, samenstelling of toestand.Kinetische energie is de energie die verband houdt met de beweging van een object. Bijvoorbeeld, water dat zich achter een dam bevindt, bezit potentiële energie vanwege zijn hoogte. Zodra het naar beneden stroomt, wordt deze energie omgezet in kinetische energie, die kan worden gebruikt om elektriciteit op te wekken in een waterkrachtcentrale. <h4>Potentiële energie</h4> Potentiële energie wordt ook wel rustenergie of opgeslagen energie genoemd. Veelvoorkomende vormen van potentiële energie zijn: zwaartekrachtpotentiële energie, zoals een appel die aan een boom hangt. Elektrische potentiële energie, opgeslagen in een object als gevolg van de aantrekking of afstoting van elektrische ladingen. Chemische potentiële energie, opgeslagen in de bindingen tussen atomen en moleculen. Kernenergie, opgeslagen in een atoomkern. Elastische energie, opgeslagen in een gespannen veer of een uitgerekt elastiek. Objecten of systemen met hoge potentiële energie zijn vaak minder stabiel en bewegen spontaan naar lagere energieniveaus om stabiliteit te bereiken. Het radioactieve element Uranium-235 (U-235) heeft bijvoorbeeld een onstabiele kern. Om stabiliteit te bereiken, splitst het zich in kleinere, stabiele elementen en komt er kernenergie vrij. Deze vrijgekomen energie kan vervolgens worden gebruikt om elektriciteit op te wekken in kerncentrales. <h4>Kinetische energie</h4> De hoeveelheid kinetische energie van een object hangt af van zijn massa en snelheid. Wanneer twee ballen met verschillende massa’s met dezelfde snelheid van een helling rollen, heeft de zwaardere bal meer kinetische energie. Wanneer twee ballen met dezelfde massa met verschillende snelheden van een helling rollen, heeft de snellere bal meer kinetische energie. Er bestaan ook verschillende vormen van kinetische energie, waaronder mechanische, elektrische, stralings-, geluids- en thermische energie. Mechanische energie wordt geassocieerd met de beweging van een object. Hoe sneller een object beweegt, hoe meer mechanische energie het heeft. Een kogel die wordt afgevuurd door een pistool of water dat door een dam stroomt, zijn bijvoorbeeld voorbeelden van mechanische energie. Elektrische energie wordt toegeschreven aan de stroom van elektrische ladingen, zoals bij blikseminslagen of elektrische circuits en apparaten. Stralingsenergie is de vorm van kinetische energie die zich voortplant als elektromagnetische golven en wordt ervaren als licht en warmte. Zonlicht is hier een voorbeeld van. Geluidsenergie – veroorzaakt door trillingen die zich voortplanten door een medium zoals lucht of water. Thermische energie wordt geassocieerd met de willekeurige beweging van atomen en moleculen.Bij thermische energie geldt: Snelle atomen en moleculen hebben meer kinetische energie → het object voelt warm aan. Langzame atomen en moleculen hebben minder kinetische energie → het object voelt koud aan. Zonder chemische reacties of faseveranderingen (zoals smelten of verdampen) zal een toename van thermische energie leiden tot een hogere temperatuur, en een afname zal de temperatuur verlagen. <h4>De wet van behoud van energie</h4> Energie kan van de ene vorm in de andere worden omgezet, maar de totale energie in een systeem blijft altijd behouden. Dit principe staat bekend als de Wet van Behoud van Energie. De Wet van Behoud van Energie stelt dat energie niet kan worden gecreëerd of vernietigd, alleen kan veranderen van vorm. Bijvoorbeeld: Chemische energie (een vorm van potentiële energie) is opgeslagen in de moleculen van benzine. Wanneer benzine in een motor verbrandt, wordt deze chemische energie omgezet in mechanische energie (een vorm van kinetische energie) die de cilinders in beweging brengt en de auto laat rijden.

Wat is energie?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &nbsp;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Education

JoVE Core

Chemistry

Scheikunde

Eén

Introduction: Matter and Measurement

Inleiding: Stof en meting

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

energy forms and conservation

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves an object against a resisting force. Pushing a table across a room against the floor is one example. To understand changes in matter, it helps to track how energy changes from one form to another.

Energy is often grouped into two main types: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy linked to an object’s position, composition, or condition. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Water held behind a dam has potential energy because of its height. When it flows downward through generators, it gains kinetic energy and can help produce electricity in a hydroelectric power plant.

Potential energy is sometimes called energy at rest. It includes gravitational potential energy, such as an apple hanging from a tree, electrical potential energy from the attraction or repulsion of charges, and chemical potential energy stored in bonds between atoms and molecules. It also includes nuclear energy in an atomic nucleus and elastic energy in a stretched spring. In general, systems with high potential energy are less stable and tend to move toward lower energy states. Uranium-235 is one example. Its unstable nucleus splits into smaller, more stable elements and releases stored nuclear energy that can be used in nuclear power plants.

The amount of kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. If two balls move at the same speed, the heavier ball has more kinetic energy. If two balls have the same mass, the faster one has more kinetic energy. Kinetic energy includes mechanical, electrical, radiant, sound, and thermal energy. Mechanical energy is tied to motion, like a bullet fired from a gun or water moving down a dam. Electrical energy comes from the flow of electric charges, such as lightning or electricity in circuits. Radiant energy travels as electromagnetic waves and includes sunlight. Thermal energy comes from the random motion of atoms and molecules, so faster motion means higher average kinetic energy and a hotter object. Slower motion means lower average kinetic energy and a colder object. If no chemical reaction or phase change happens, adding thermal energy raises temperature, and removing it lowers temperature.

Energy can change form, but it is not created or destroyed. This is the Law of Conservation of Energy. The total energy in a system stays constant even when energy is converted from one form to another. Gasoline shows this change clearly. It stores chemical energy, which is a type of potential energy. When gasoline burns in a car engine, the reaction produces gases that move the pistons and create mechanical energy, which is a type of kinetic energy.

Energy Forms and Conservation

scientific laws and theories

How Science Explains Laws and Theories

Scientific laws and scientific theories describe science in two different ways. A law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement that summarizes many experimental observations. It describes or predicts aspects of the natural world that stay the same under the same conditions. A scientific theory is different because it explains why natural events happen. It is a unifying principle that gives a well-supported and testable explanation for a broad set of observations. Strong theories are the...

physical and chemical properties of matter

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Distinguishing Physical and Chemical Changes

Matter can be identified by its properties, which are the features that help us tell one substance from another. These properties fall into two main groups: physical properties and chemical properties. Understanding the difference helps explain how matter changes. A physical property is a feature of matter that is not linked to a change in chemical composition. Examples include density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and electrical conductivity. Some physical properties can be...

the scientific method

How Scientists Test a Hypothesis

Chemistry uses the scientific method to turn observations into testable answers. Scientists begin by observing a phenomenon in the physical world and then asking a question about it. This process helps explain everyday chemistry through evidence. A question leads to a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation for what is being observed. Scientists often use earlier research and published literature to shape that idea. A strong hypothesis must be testable, meaning it can be supported by...

classifying matter by state

States of Matter and Their Properties

States of matter help describe how matter behaves in chemistry. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is found everywhere, including air, water, soil, mountains, and even our bodies. The three common states on Earth are solid, liquid, and gas. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. Its particles, such as atoms or molecules, are packed very closely together and held in place by strong forces, so they only vibrate slightly. This tight arrangement makes solids...

what is energy?

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves...

measurement: standard units

Measurement: SI Units and Conversions

Measurement gives three kinds of information: a number, a unit, and an estimate of uncertainty. The number shows size or magnitude. The unit gives a standard for comparison. The uncertainty reflects possible error in the measurement. Numbers can be written in more than one way. A value may appear in decimal form or in scientific notation, which is also called exponential notation. For example, the maximum take-off weight of a Boeing 777-200ER airliner is 298,000 kilograms, or 2.98 × 10^5 kg. <br...

classifying matter by composition

Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Matter can be grouped by composition into pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance has a constant composition throughout and uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and the same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, no matter where it is isolated from. A mixture contains two or more kinds of matter in varying amounts. Its parts can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation. The components keep their own...

measurement: derived units

SI Units, Density, and Property Types

SI units and derived units help describe physical properties in chemistry. The International System of Units, or SI system, uses agreed-upon base units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. Units made by combining these base units are called SI-derived units. Speed is one example. If distance is measured in meters and time in seconds, the derived unit for speed is meters per second, or m/s. Miles per hour is...

dimensional analysis

Using Conversion Factors to Cancel Units

Dimensional analysis is a method for using conversion factors to cancel units and solve measurement problems. It is also called the factor label method. The main rule is that units must be treated the same way as the numbers attached to them. A conversion factor is a ratio of two equal quantities written in different units. For example, 1 meter is equal to 1.0936 yards. That relationship can be used to build a factor that converts one unit into the other. When a value is multiplied or divided...

uncertainty in measurement: accuracy and precision

uncertainty-in-measurement-accuracy-and-precision

Measurement Error: Reading Results Correctly

Measurement error affects how scientists judge the quality of their results. Repeated measurements help show whether results are precise and accurate. A measurement is precise when repeated values are very similar. A measurement is accurate when it is very close to the true or accepted value. Precise values agree with each other, while accurate values agree with the true value. A pharmaceutical quality control chemist can use this idea to check machines that dispense 500 mL of cough syrup. The...

uncertainty in measurement: reading instruments

uncertainty-in-measurement-reading-instruments

Measurement Uncertainty and Significant Figures

Measurement uncertainty and significant figures show how carefully a value can be read from an instrument. Counting is different. If the number of objects does not change during counting, the result is exact. Defined quantities are exact too. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Most other measurements are not exact because the measuring process has limits. The result depends on the device used and on the person...

uncertainty in measurement: significant figures

uncertainty-in-measurement-significant-figures

Significant Figures and Rounding Rules

Significant figures and rounding rules help students report measurements with the right level of certainty. A measurement includes every digit that was actually measured, including the last uncertain digit. That is why a value can look simple but still carry useful information about the tool used to measure it. Zero can also be significant when it is part of a measured value. For example, if a scale reads 140 pounds to the nearest pound, the 1, 4, and 0 are all significant. Reporting...

key terms and concepts

Explore how energy moves from the Sun to plants, how potential and kinetic energy work, and why the law of conservation of energy matters.

Energy Forms and Conservation | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core Chemistry brings general chemistry concepts to life using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Plus, in the scientist-in-action videos, we demonstrate classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

3.2.9-12.R

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.F

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-4

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-7

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Tennessee Academic Standards

Physics

PHYS.PS3.2

PHYS.PS3.3

CHEM1.PS3.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.7

CH.7.a

Arizona Science Standards

Earth and Space Science

HS.E1

HS.E1U1.12

HS.E1U1.13

HS+Phy.P4

HS+Phy.P4U1.6

HS.P4

HS.P4U3.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.PS.1.1

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.PS.3.4.h

Earth's Place in the Universe

9-12.ESS.1.1

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.1

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS3-4

P-PS3-1

P-PS3-2

P-PS3-3

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS7.

Types of Energy

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.&#160; The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy E of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and the kinetic energy K of the objects within it. What happens to this ...

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Conservation of Energy

The terms &#39;conserved quantity&#39;&#160;and &#39;conservation law&#39;&#160;have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the ...

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known. Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to basic algebraic expressions or computations; to systems of two or three components; and to thermal energy. kinetic energy, and/or the energies in gravitational, magnetic, or electric fields.

3.2.9-12.O

Types of Potential Energy

Potential energy is also known as energy at rest or stored energy. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy stored in ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

Kinetic Energy - I

It&#8217;s plausible to suppose that the greater the velocity of a body, the greater effect it could have on other bodies. This does not depend on the ...

Kinetic Energy - II

The kinetic energy of a particle is one-half of the product of the particle&#8217;s mass and the square of its speed. Note that just as Newton&#8217;s ...

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy is not just a property of each object, but also a property of the interactions between objects in a chosen system. For each type of ...

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored as a result of the deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring. An object is ...

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

To determine the energy of a simple harmonic oscillator, consider all the forms of energy it can have during its simple harmonic motion. According to ...

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problem-solving-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion

Problem Solving: Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of periodic motion in time and position, in which an object oscillates back and forth around an equilibrium ...

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Kinetic and Potential Energy of a Wave

All forms of waves carry energy; this is directly visualized in nature. For instance, the waves of earthquakes are so intense that they can shake huge ...

Energy and Power of a Wave

The total energy associated with a wavelength is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The average rate of energy transfer associated ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative positions of particles (objects). Clarifying Statement: Examples of phenomena at the macroscopic scale could include the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy, the energy stored due to position of an object above the earth, and the energy stored between two electrically-charged plates. Examples of models could include diagrams, drawings, descriptions, and computer simulations. Assessment Boundry: N/A

3.2.9-12.P

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can design, build and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy. Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of devices. Examples of devices could include Rube Goldberg devices, wind turbines, solar cells, solar ovens, and generators. Examples of constraints could include use of renewable energy forms and efficiency. Assessment Boundry: Assessment for quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Assessment is limited to devices constructed with materials provided to students.

Students who demonstrate understanding can plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics). Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking to describe the energy changes both quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials and tools provided to students.

force-and-potential-energy-in-one-dimension

Force and Potential Energy in One Dimension

Force can be calculated from the expression for potential energy, which is a function of position. The component of a conservative force, in a particular ...

force-and-potential-energy-in-three-dimensions

Force and Potential Energy in Three Dimensions

Consider a particle moving under the action of a conservative force that has components along each coordinate axis. Each component of force is a function ...

Energy Diagrams - I

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the ...

Energy Diagrams - II

Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction. Clarifying Statement: Examples of models could include drawings, diagrams, and texts, such as drawings of what happens when two charges of opposite polarity are near each other. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to systems containing two objects.

3.2.9-12.S

Energy Forms and Conservation

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