Name: line spectra from heated gases
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:27.000Z
Duration: 2 min 39 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Matter and its Interactions

PS.PSc.1.4

Emission Spectra

Wanneer een atoom energie absorbeert, worden de elektronen aangeslagen en gaan ze naar een hoger energieniveau. Terwijl de elektronen ontspannen naar een lagere energietoestand of naar de grondtoestand, wordt de overtollige energie vrijgegeven als een foton. De golflengte van het geabsorbeerde en uitgezonden licht hangt af van het verschil tussen het hoge en lage energieniveau.Uitgestraald licht met hoge energie is het resultaat van het ontspannen van elektronen vanaf een hoger energieniveau, en het uitgezonden licht met lage energie is het resultaat van het ontspannen van elektronen van een lager energieniveau. Een emissiespectrum is een maat voor uitgezonden straling over een reeks golflengten. Bij pure elementaire soorten verschijnt het emissiegedrag als lijnen met specifieke golflengten in plaats van een breed spectrum.Dit is het emissiespectrum voor waterstof. De reeks spectraallijnen in het zichtbare lichtgebied staat bekend als de Balmerreeks. Het treedt op wanneer elektronen overgaan van een energieniveau hoger dan n 3 terug naar n 2.Het zichtbare lichtspectrum verschijnt als spectraallijnen bij 410, 434, 486 en 656 nm, die overeenkomen met energieniveauovergangen van respectievelijk n 3, 4, 5 en 6 naar n 2. Extra spectraallijnen kunnen buiten het zichtbare bereik worden gemeten, zoals de Lymanreeks in het UV-gebied en de Paschenreeks in het infraroodgebied. De golflengten van spectraallijnen voor waterstof kunnen worden voorspeld met behulp van een wiskundige uitdrukking, waarbij R-H de Rydberg-constante is, n1 het belangrijkste kwantumgetal van het lagere energieniveau is en n2 het belangrijkste kwantumgetal voor het hogere energieniveau is.Voor de Balmerreeks geldt n1 2. Omdat verschillende atomen verschillende energieniveaus hebben, variëren de spectrale emissielijnen van element tot element en worden ze gebruikt om stoffen te identificeren. Het omgekeerde van een emissiespectrum is het absorptiespectrum.Als we naar waterstof kijken, bevinden de lijnen in het absorptiespectrum zich op dezelfde golflengten van het emissiespectrum, maar zijn ze donker. Dit zijn de golflengten van licht die worden geabsorbeerd door een waterstofatoom wanneer het wordt blootgesteld aan een continu wit lichtspectrum.

emissiespectra

Wanneer vaste stoffen, vloeistoffen of gecondenseerde gassen voldoende worden verwarmd, stralen ze een deel van de overtollige energie uit als licht. Op deze manier geproduceerde fotonen hebben een reeks energieën en produceren daardoor een continu spectrum waarin een ononderbroken reeks golflengten aanwezig is. In tegenstelling tot continue spectra kan licht ook voorkomen als discrete of lijnspectra met zeer smalle lijnbreedten verspreid over de spectrale gebieden. Door een gas bij een lage partiële druk te exciteren met behulp van een elektrische stroom, of door het te verwarmen, ontstaan lijnspectra. TL-lampen en neonreclame werken op deze manier. Elk element vertoont zijn eigen karakteristieke reeks lijnen, net als moleculen, hoewel hun spectra over het algemeen veel gecompliceerder zijn. Elke emissielijn bestaat uit een enkele golflengte van licht, wat impliceert dat het licht dat door een gas wordt uitgezonden, uit een reeks afzonderlijke energieën bestaat. Wanneer bijvoorbeeld een elektrische ontlading door een buis gaat die waterstofgas bij lage druk bevat, worden de H2-moleculen opgesplitst in afzonderlijke H-atomen en wordt een blauwroze kleur waargenomen. Door het licht door een prisma te laten gaan, ontstaat een lijnenspectrum, wat aangeeft dat dit licht is samengesteld uit fotonen met vier zichtbare golflengten. De oorsprong van discrete spectra in atomen en moleculen was aan het eind van de negentiende eeuw voor wetenschappers uiterst verwarrend. Volgens de klassieke elektromagnetische theorie mogen alleen continue spectra worden waargenomen. Andere discrete lijnen voor het waterstofatoom werden gevonden in de UV- en IR-gebieden. Johannes Rydberg generaliseerde het werk van Balmer en ontwikkelde een empirische formule die alle emissielijnen van waterstof voorspelde, niet alleen die beperkt tot het zichtbare bereik, waarbij n1 en n2 gehele getallen zijn, n1 < n2 <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/977/977_Equations-01.png" style="height: 40px;"> Zelfs aan het einde van de negentiende eeuw was spectroscopie een zeer nauwkeurige wetenschap, en daarom werden de golflengten van waterstof met een zeer hoge nauwkeurigheid gemeten, wat impliceerde dat de Rydberg-constante ook zeer nauwkeurig kon worden bepaald. Dat zo’n eenvoudige formule als de Rydberg-formule zulke nauwkeurige metingen kon verklaren, leek destijds verbazingwekkend, maar het was de uiteindelijke verklaring voor emissiespectra door Neils Bohr in 1913 die wetenschappers er uiteindelijk van overtuigde de klassieke natuurkunde achter zich te laten en de ontwikkeling van moderne kwantumspectra aanspoorde. mechanica. Deze tekst is aangepast van <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/3-1-electromagnetic-energy">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Sectie 3.1: Elektromagnetische Energie</a>.

Emissiespectra

When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a ...

Education

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Electronic Structure of Atoms

Elektronische structuur van atomen

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line spectra from heated gases

Line spectra are produced when heated gases give off light at specific wavelengths. In contrast, hot solids, liquids, or condensed gases radiate excess energy as a continuous spectrum. That spectrum contains an unbroken range of wavelengths.

A gas at low partial pressure can produce a line spectrum when it is excited by an electric current or heated. Fluorescent light bulbs and neon signs work in this way. Each element has its own characteristic set of lines, and molecules can also produce line spectra, although their patterns are usually more complex.

Each emission line is a single wavelength of light. That means the light from a gas is made of discrete energies rather than a smooth spread of values. A good example is hydrogen gas in an electric discharge tube. The H2 molecules break apart into separate H atoms, and the gas gives off a blue-pink color.

When that light is passed through a prism, it separates into a line spectrum. For hydrogen, this shows four visible wavelengths. Scientists also found other hydrogen lines in the ultraviolet and infrared regions. In the late nineteenth century, these discrete spectra were hard to explain because classical electromagnetic theory predicted only continuous spectra.

Johannes Rydberg extended Balmer's work and wrote an empirical formula that predicted all of hydrogen's emission lines, not just the visible ones. The wavelengths of hydrogen were measured with high accuracy, so the Rydberg constant could also be determined very precisely. Later, Niels Bohr explained emission spectra in 1913. His explanation helped push scientists away from classical physics and toward modern quantum mechanics.

Line Spectra from Heated Gases

the wave nature of light

Measuring Light with Wavelength and Frequency

Light can be described as an electromagnetic wave, and its behavior helps explain many patterns seen in science. For centuries, scientists have tried to understand light. Newton used lenses and prisms to show that white light is made of the colors of the rainbow mixed together. He explained light as tiny particles moving at high speed. Other scientists, including Christiaan Huygens, showed that reflection and refraction could also be explained by treating light as a wave. At the time, people...

the electromagnetic spectrum

Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum includes all electromagnetic radiation arranged by frequency and wavelength. Visible light is only a small part of it, and each color of visible light has its own frequency and wavelength. Different parts of the spectrum also use different units. Radio waves are usually measured in MHz, while the visible range is often measured in nm or angstroms. The spectrum is organized from radio waves to gamma rays as frequency increases and wavelength decreases. Radio waves...

interference and diffraction

Wave Patterns from Light and Slits

Light can form wave patterns through interference and diffraction. When two electromagnetic waves meet with their peaks and troughs lined up, they combine into a larger wave. This is constructive interference, and the waves are in phase. When a peak of one wave meets a trough of the other, the waves reduce each other. This is destructive interference, and the result has a much lower amplitude. Diffraction is another wave behavior. When light passes through a slit that is about the same size as...

photoelectric effect

Why Light Ejects Electrons from Metals

Light can eject electrons from a metal surface when it has the right frequency. This process is called the photoelectric effect. Each metal has its own threshold frequency, which is the minimum light frequency needed to free electrons. Light below the threshold frequency cannot cause emission, even if it is very bright. When the light frequency is above the threshold, electrons are ejected. In that case, the number of electrons released is directly proportional to the intensity, or brightness,...

the bohr model

Bohr’s Quantized Atomic Orbits

Bohr’s quantized atomic orbits explain why hydrogen atoms can stay stable. Early in the twentieth century, Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues described atoms as tiny dense nuclei with lighter electrons moving around them. This picture was called the planetary model because it compared the atom to a miniature solar system, with electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen. It has one proton in the nucleus and one electron moving around it. In the...

emission spectra

Line spectra are produced when heated gases give off light at specific wavelengths. In contrast, hot solids, liquids, or condensed gases radiate excess energy as a continuous spectrum. That spectrum contains an unbroken range of wavelengths. A gas at low partial pressure can produce a line spectrum when it is excited by an electric current or heated. Fluorescent light bulbs and neon signs work in this way. Each element has its own characteristic set of lines, and molecules can also produce...

the de broglie wavelength

Electron Waves and Standing Orbits

Electron waves and standing orbits explain how tiny particles can behave like waves. Large objects in the macroscopic world, like a billiard ball on a table, follow classical physics. A ball keeps moving in a straight line unless it hits another ball or a force such as friction acts on it. It also has a well-defined position, velocity, and momentum, where momentum is mass times velocity. Waves behave differently from macroscopic particles. When waves interact, they can form interference...

the uncertainty principle

Electron Position and Momentum Limits

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle sets a limit on how precisely we can know an electron’s position and momentum at the same time. Momentum is the motion of a particle, and the two measurements affect each other. If the momentum is known more accurately, the position becomes less certain, and the reverse is also true. Heisenberg described this limit with an equation that uses Planck’s constant. The equation shows the smallest possible uncertainty for position and momentum together. It explains...

the quantum-mechanical model of an atom

Electron Orbitals in Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics explains how electrons behave in atoms using waves and probability. Erwin Schrödinger built on de Broglie’s idea that an electron in hydrogen could act like a circular standing wave instead of moving in fixed circular paths. He then derived the Schrödinger equation, which became a major step in modern atomic theory. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, it matched Bohr’s energy expression and the Rydberg formula for hydrogen spectra. He described...

quantum numbers

Electron Orbitals and Spin

Electron orbitals are described by quantum numbers that show where an electron is most likely to be found around the nucleus. These numbers come from the quantum mechanical model, which is based on solutions of the Schrödinger equation. They also help explain why electron energy comes in set values instead of changing smoothly. The principal quantum number, n, labels the energy level. It can be 1, 2, 3, and so on, and higher n values usually mean higher electron energy. This number also tells...

atomic orbitals

Electron Regions in Atomic Orbitals

Electron regions in atomic orbitals show where an electron is most likely to be found in an atom. These three-dimensional regions are often drawn as boundary surfaces around the densest part of the cloud. The shape of an orbital depends on the angular momentum quantum number, l. This value can range from 0 to n - 1, where n is the principal quantum number. For n = 1, only l = 0 is allowed. For n = 2, both l = 0 and l = 1 are allowed. Orbitals with the same value of l form a subshell. The l =...

the pauli exclusion principle

Electron Spin and Orbital Pairing

Electron spin and orbital pairing explain why only two electrons can fit in one atomic orbital. Electron configuration describes how electrons are arranged in an atom’s orbitals. It is written with three parts: the principal quantum number, n, the orbital type, or subshell, and a superscript that shows how many electrons are in that subshell. For example, 2p4 means four electrons in a p subshell with n = 2, and 3d8 means eight electrons in a d subshell with n = 3. The three quantum numbers...

the energies of atomic orbitals

Shielding and Orbital Penetration

Shielding and orbital penetration help explain why electrons in an atom have different energies. Electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus, but they also repel one another in atoms with more than one electron. The strength of these forces depends on the charge and the distance between the particles. Opposite charges attract, like charges repel, and the force gets weaker as the particles move farther apart. An electron that stays closer to the nucleus is held more tightly. That means...

the aufbau principle and hund's rule

Electron Filling Order in Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling order in atomic orbitals follows the aufbau principle and Hund's rule. To write an electron configuration, we build atoms in order of atomic number. Starting with hydrogen and moving across the periods of the periodic table, one proton is added to the nucleus and one electron is placed into the correct subshell. This process describes the ground-state electron configurations of the elements. The aufbau principle comes from the German word aufbau, which means "to build up." It...

electron configuration of multielectron atoms

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Valence Electrons and Noble Gas Shorthand

Valence electrons and noble gas shorthand help show how electrons are arranged in multielectron atoms. Sodium, the alkali metal with atomic number 11, has one more electron than neon. That extra electron goes into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, so sodium has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. Electrons in the outermost shell, where n is highest, are called valence electrons. Electrons in the inner shells are called core electrons. Because core electrons often match a...

key terms and concepts

Explore how heated gases produce line spectra, why hydrogen shows discrete wavelengths, and how Rydberg and Bohr helped explain emission lines.

Line Spectra from Heated Gases | JoVE K12

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Earth’s Place In The Universe

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Light Emission and Electron Movement

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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Molecules and Compounds

Atoms and Molecules

Everything in the universe is made up of matter, and matter is composed of a combination of elements. An atom is the smallest unit of ...

Solution Formation

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Colloids

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Construct an explanation to classify matter as a pure substance or mixture; homogeneous or heterogeneous; element or compound; solution, colloid or suspension.

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Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance&#39;s state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the ...

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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally ...

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor ...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy ...

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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and ...

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance&#8212;isolated from its environment&#8212;is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance ...

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. ...

Use models to compare the phases of matter and the physical changes they undergo.

PS.PSc.1.2

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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular ...

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...

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Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

Carry out investigations to compare physical and chemical properties of matter.

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The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Use models to interpret the data presented in Bohr diagrams and electron dot diagrams for neutral atoms of elements 1 through 18.

Understand types, properties, and structure of matter.

Line Spectra from Heated Gases

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