Name: dna and rna in cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 2 min 43 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-1

Nucleic Acids

Nucleïnezuren zijn polymeren van nucleotiden moleculen die zijn samengesteld uit een pentosesuiker, een stikstofhoudende base en een fosfaatgroep. Er zijn twee soorten nucleïnezuren:deoxyribonucleïnezuur, DNA en ribonucleïnezuur, RNA. Hun chemische structuren verschillen afhankelijk van welke pentosesuiker en stikstofbasen ze bevatten.De pentosesuiker in RNA is ribose, die een hydroxylgroep heeft die aan koolstof-2 is gehecht. De suiker in DNA is deoxyribose, dat alleen een waterstofatoom heeft maar geen zuurstof op koolstof-2. De stikstofhoudende base is gebonden aan koolstof-1 en het fosfaat aan koolstof-5.Zowel RNA als DNA bevatten de basen adenine, cytosine en guanine;maar DNA heeft thymine, terwijl RNA uracil heeft. In DNA en RNA vormen guanine en cytosine complementaire basenparen, verbonden door drie waterstofbruggen. Adenine en thymine vormen basenparen in DNA, terwijl adenine en uracil paren in RNA, beide met elkaar verbonden door twee waterstofbruggen.Verschillende DNA-of RNA-polymerase-enzymen katalyseren de polymerisatie van nucleotiden. Een fosfodiësterbinding wordt gevormd tussen een hydroxylgroep die is gebonden aan koolstof-3 en de fosfaatgroep die is gebonden aan koolstof-5 van het volgende nucleotide. Deze reactie laat een los 5'uiteinde achter met een vrije fosfaatgroep en een los 3'uiteinde met een vrije hydroxylgroep.In combinatie met een complementaire streng zijn de twee moleculen antiparallel, wat betekent dat het 5'uiteinde van de ene streng paart met het 3'uiteinde van de andere. De strengen worden bij elkaar gehouden door intermoleculaire krachten, waaronder hydrofobe effecten, van der Waals-interacties en de specifieke waterstofbruggen die zich vormen tussen de stikstofbasen. DNA is een dubbele helix die bestaat uit twee polynucleotideketens die om elkaar zijn gewikkeld.Daarentegen wordt RNA vaak gevonden als een enkelstrengs molecuul. RNA kan echter binden aan een complementair RNA of DNA. Het kan ook intra-streng complementaire basenparing vertonen, wat resulteert in verschillende soorten secundaire RNA-structuren die verschillende functies hebben binnen de cel.

nucleic acids

Nnucleïnezuren zijn de belangrijkste macromoleculen voor de continuïteit van het leven. Ze dragen de genetische blauwdruk van de cel en bevatten instructies voor het functioneren ervan. DNA en RNA De twee belangrijkste soorten nucleïnezuren zijn deoxyribonucleïnezuur (DNA) en ribonucleïnezuur (RNA). DNA is het genetische materiaal in alle levende organismen, variërend van eencellige bacteriën tot meercellige zoogdieren. Het bevindt zich in de kern van eukaryoten en in de organellen, chloroplasten en mitochondriën. Bij prokaryoten is het DNA niet ingesloten in een vliezige envelop. De gehele genetische inhoud van de cel is het genoom, en de studie van genomen is genomica. In eukaryotische cellen, maar niet in prokaryoten, vormt DNA een complex met histoneiwitten om chromatine te vormen, de substantie van eukaryotische chromosomen. Een chromosoom kan tienduizenden genen bevatten. Veel genen bevatten de informatie om eiwitten te maken. Andere genen coderen voor RNA-producten. DNA controleert alle cellulaire activiteiten door de genen ‘aan’ of ‘uit’ te zetten. Het andere type nucleïnezuur, RNA, is vooral betrokken bij de eiwitsynthese. De DNA-moleculen verlaten de kern nooit, maar gebruiken in plaats daarvan een tussenpersoon om met de rest van de cel te communiceren. Deze tussenpersoon is het boodschapper-RNA (mRNA). Andere soorten RNA, zoals rRNA, tRNA en microRNA, zijn betrokken bij de eiwitsynthese en de regulering ervan. DNA en RNA bestaan uit monomeren die nucleotiden worden genoemd. Elke nucleotide bestaat uit drie componenten: een stikstofbase, een pentosesuiker (vijf koolstofatomen) en een fosfaatgroep. Elke stikstofbase in een nucleotide is gebonden aan een suikermolecuul, dat is gebonden aan een of meer fosfaatgroepen. De stikstofbasen, belangrijke componenten van nucleotiden, zijn organische moleculen en worden zo genoemd omdat ze koolstof en stikstof bevatten. Het zijn basen omdat ze een aminogroep bevatten die het potentieel heeft om een extra waterstof te binden, en zo de waterstofionenconcentratie in zijn omgeving te verlagen, waardoor deze meer basisch wordt. Elk nucleotide in DNA bevat een van de vier mogelijke stikstofbasen: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) en thymine (T). Adenine en guanine worden geclassificeerd als purines. De primaire structuur van de purine bestaat uit twee koolstof-stikstofringen. Cytosine, thymine en uracil worden geclassificeerd als pyrimidines die een enkele koolstof-stikstofring als primaire structuur hebben. Aan elk van deze fundamentele koolstof-stikstofringen zijn verschillende functionele groepen verbonden. In de moleculaire biologie kennen we de stikstofbasen aan de hand van hun symbolen A, T, G, C en U. DNA bevat A, T, G en C; terwijl RNA A, U, G en C bevat. De pentosesuiker in DNA is deoxyribose en in RNA is de suiker ribose. Het verschil tussen de suikers is de aanwezigheid van de hydroxylgroep op het tweede koolstofatoom van ribose en waterstof op het tweede koolstofatoom van de deoxyribose. Het fosfaatresidu hecht zich aan de hydroxylgroep van het 5'-koolstofatoom van één suiker en de hydroxylgroep van het 3'-koolstofatoom van de suiker van het volgende nucleotide, wat een 5'-3'-fosfodiesterbinding vormt. DNA dubbele helixstructuur DNA heeft een dubbele helixstructuur. De suiker en het fosfaat liggen aan de buitenkant van de helix en vormen de ruggengraat van het DNA. De stikstofbases zijn in het interieur gestapeld, als een paar traptreden. Waterstofbruggen binden de paren aan elkaar. Elk basenpaar in de dubbele helix is 0,34 nm gescheiden van het volgende basenpaar. De twee strengen van de helix lopen in tegengestelde richtingen, wat betekent dat het 5'-koolstofuiteinde van de ene streng naar het 3'-koolstofuiteinde van de bijpassende streng zal wijzen. Alleen bepaalde soorten baseparing zijn toegestaan: A kan paren met T, en G kan paren met C. Dit is de complementaire basisregel. Met andere woorden: de DNA-strengen zijn complementair aan elkaar. RNA Ribonucleïnezuur, of RNA, is voornamelijk betrokken bij het proces van eiwitsynthese onder leiding van DNA. RNA is meestal enkelstrengig en bestaat uit ribonucleotiden die met elkaar verbonden zijn door fosfodiësterbindingen. Er zijn vier hoofdtypen RNA: messenger-RNA (mRNA), ribosomaal RNA (rRNA), transfer-RNA (tRNA) en microRNA (miRNA). Het eerste, mRNA, draagt de boodschap over van DNA, dat alle cellulaire activiteiten in een cel regelt. Als een cel een bepaald eiwit nodig heeft, wordt het gen ervoor ingeschakeld en wordt het boodschapper-RNA in de kern gesynthetiseerd. De RNA-basesequentie is complementair aan de coderende DNA-sequentie waarvan deze is gekopieerd. In het cytoplasma interageert het mRNA met ribosomen en andere cellulaire machines. Het mRNA wordt afgelezen in sets van drie basen, bekend als codons. Elk codon codeert voor één enkel aminozuur. Op deze manier wordt het mRNA uitgelezen en wordt het eiwitproduct gemaakt. Ribosomaal RNA (rRNA) is een hoofdbestanddeel van ribosomen waaraan het mRNA bindt. Het rRNA zorgt voor de juiste uitlijning van het mRNA en de ribosomen. Het rRNA van het ribosoom heeft ook een enzymatische activiteit (peptidyltransferase) en katalyseert de vorming van peptidebindingen tussen twee uitgelijnde aminozuren. Transfer-RNA (tRNA) is een van de kleinste van de vier soorten RNA, gewoonlijk 70-90 nucleotiden lang. Het transporteert het juiste aminozuur naar de eiwitsyntheseplaats. Het is de basenparing tussen het tRNA en het mRNA die ervoor zorgt dat het juiste aminozuur zichzelf in de polypeptideketen kan invoegen. MicroRNA's zijn de kleinste RNA-moleculen en hun rol omvat het reguleren van genexpressie door de expressie van bepaalde mRNA-berichten te verstoren. Hoewel het RNA enkelstrengig is, vertonen de meeste RNA-typen uitgebreide intramoleculaire basenparen tussen complementaire sequenties, waardoor een voorspelbare driedimensionale structuur ontstaat die essentieel is voor hun functie.

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Celbiologie

Unit 1

Eenheid 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Biochemie van de cel

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

Nucleic Acids

Overzicht

Nucleïnezuur is een essentieel molecuul dat wordt aangetroffen in alle levende organismen. Het bestaat uit twee belangrijke typen: deoxyribonucleïnezuur (DNA) en ribonucleïnezuur (RNA). Deze moleculen spelen een cruciale rol bij het opslaan, overbrengen en uitdrukken van genetische informatie.

Eigenschappen

1. **Structuur:**
   - DNA heeft een dubbele helixstructuur, vergelijkbaar met een wenteltrap.
   - RNA is meestal enkelstrengs en kan complexe structuren vormen door basenparen.

2. **Functie:**
   - DNA bevat de instructies die nodig zijn voor het functioneren en ontwikkeling van organismen.
   - RNA is betrokken bij het overbrengen van genetische informatie van DNA naar eiwitten.

3. **Typen:**
   - mRNA (boodschapper-RNA): Codeert voor eiwitten.
   - tRNA (transfer-RNA): Helpt bij het vertalen van mRNA naar eiwitten.
   - rRNA (ribosomaal-RNA): Maakt deel uit van ribosomen, waar eiwitsynthese plaatsvindt.

Belangrijke toepassingen

1. **Genetische techniek:**
   - Genetische modificatie en gentherapie.
   - DNA-fingerprinting en forensische wetenschap.

2. **Geneeskunde:**
   - Ontwikkeling van vaccins en medicijnen.
   - Diagnostische tests, zoals PCR (Polymerase Kettingreactie).

3. **Biotechnologie:**
   - Productie van recombinante eiwitten.
   - Ontwikkeling van biobrandstoffen en biomaterialen.

Conclusie

Nucleïnezuur is onmisbaar in de moderne wetenschap en geneeskunde. Het begrijpen van zijn structuur en functie is essentieel voor het ontwikkelen van nieuwe technologieën en behandelingen.

dna and rna in cells

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems.

Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code.

There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores genetic information, while RNA helps carry and use that information in the cell. Their roles make them essential for heredity and cell function.

DNA and RNA in Cells

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

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functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

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types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

Chemical bonds hold atoms together and help explain how different substances form. In chemistry, the main bond types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons move from one atom to another. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are held in a shared arrangement that gives metals their characteristic behavior. Understanding these bond types helps students compare how atoms connect in different...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

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polymers

Polymer Chains and Their Properties

Polymers are large molecules made from repeating units called monomers. These long chains can form many common materials. Their structure helps explain why different polymers can behave in different ways. Polymers can be built in more than one way. Some form by addition polymerization, where monomers join together directly. Others form by condensation polymerization, which releases a small molecule as the chain grows. The type of polymer affects its properties and uses. Some polymers are...

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structure of lipids

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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chemistry of carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions. The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units. The...

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems. Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code. There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores...

protein and protein structures

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chemistry of the cell

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Cell chemistry explains the substances that make cells work. Water is the main component of cells, and it supports the chemical reactions that keep life going. Cells also contain organic molecules, which are carbon-based compounds, and inorganic ions, which are charged particles needed for cell function. Organic molecules in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different roles, but together they build cell structures, store energy, and carry...

key terms and concepts

Explore DNA and RNA as nucleic acids, how nucleotides build them, and how these molecules store and use genetic information in cells.

DNA and RNA in Cells | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB6.c

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Structural Protein Function

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Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

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Overview

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The Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Homeostasis
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Blood Withdrawal II

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

DNA and RNA in Cells

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