Name: capacitor voltage and charge behavior
Uploaded: 2024-04-11T12:48:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

High School

Physical Science

Energy

HS-PS3-2

Energy Stored in Capacitors

A parallel plate capacitor connected to a battery develops a potential difference across its plates.
By integrating the equation relating voltage and current, an equation for the voltage across the capacitor at any given time is determined.
Capacitors possess memory, meaning their voltage depends on the past current flow.
The instantaneous power delivered to a capacitor is integrated over time to determine the energy stored in the capacitor.
An uncharged capacitor has a zero voltage. So, the energy stored in the capacitor is determined in terms of charge and capacitance, which represents the energy present in the electric field between the plates.
This energy can be retrieved as an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy.
A non-ideal capacitor has a parallel-model leakage resistance, usually high enough to be neglected in most practical applications.
A capacitor can get charged when connected to a battery but acts as an open circuit to DC voltage.
The voltage across a capacitor is always continuous and cannot change abruptly.

energie opgeslagen in condensatoren

Een parallelle plaatcondensator ontwikkelt, wanneer hij op een batterij is aangesloten, een potentiaalverschil over zijn platen. Dit potentiaalverschil is de sleutel tot de werking van de condensator, omdat het bepaalt hoeveel elektrische energie de condensator kan opslaan. Door de vergelijking te integreren die voltage en stroom in een condensator met elkaar in verband brengt, kan men op elk moment een vergelijking afleiden voor de voltage over de condensator. Deze vergelijking is cruciaal voor het begrijpen en voorspellen van het gedrag van condensatoren in elektronische circuits. Een interessante eigenschap van condensatoren is dat ze over een soort geheugen beschikken. De voltage over een condensator hangt op elk moment af van de stroom die er in het verleden doorheen stroomde. Dit betekent dat condensatoren hun laad- en ontlaadgeschiedenis kunnen "onthouden", wat handig kan zijn bij verschillende toepassingen, zoals geheugenopslag in computers. Het momentane vermogen dat aan een condensator wordt geleverd, kan worden gebruikt om de hoeveelheid energie te bepalen die in de condensator is opgeslagen. Als we een ongeladen condensator op tijd gelijk aan min oneindig beschouwen, heeft deze een voltage van nul. Dit betekent dat de in de condensator opgeslagen energie kan worden bepaald in termen van lading en capaciteit. Dit vertegenwoordigt de energie die aanwezig is in het elektrische veld tussen de platen. Deze opgeslagen energie kan worden teruggewonnen in termen van vermogen, aangezien een ideale condensator geen energie dissipeert. Condensatoren uit de echte wereld zijn echter niet ideaal. Een niet-ideale condensator heeft een lekweerstand van het parallelle model, maar deze is meestal hoog genoeg om in de meeste praktische toepassingen te worden verwaarloosd. Een uniek kenmerk van condensatoren is dat ze fungeren als een open circuit voor gelijkstroom (DC), maar kunnen worden opgeladen wanneer ze op een batterij zijn aangesloten. Dankzij deze eigenschap kunnen condensatoren gelijkstroom blokkeren terwijl wisselstroom (AC) doorlaat. Een ander belangrijk kenmerk van condensatoren is dat de voltage erover altijd continu is en niet abrupt kan veranderen. Dit gedrag is essentieel in veel toepassingen, zoals het afvlakken van de voltage in voedingen en het wegfilteren van ruis bij signaalverwerking. Concluderend: het begrijpen van condensatoren, hun eigenschappen en hun gedrag in circuits is een fundamenteel aspect van de elektronica. Het stelt ingenieurs in staat complexe elektronische systemen te ontwerpen en te bouwen die een integraal onderdeel zijn van het moderne leven.

Energie opgeslagen in condensatoren

A parallel plate capacitor connected to a battery develops a potential difference across its plates.
By integrating the equation relating voltage and ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Elektrotechniek

Unit 1

Energy Storage Elements

Energieopslagelementen

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

capacitor voltage and charge behavior

Capacitor voltage and charge behavior depend on how a parallel plate capacitor connects to a battery. When the battery is attached, a potential difference forms across the plates. That voltage determines how much electrical energy the capacitor can store.

The voltage across a capacitor can be found by integrating the equation that links voltage and current. That relationship lets students predict the voltage at any moment during charging or discharging. It also shows why a capacitor keeps a record of its past current flow. In that sense, the capacitor has a kind of memory.

This memory effect means the voltage at one moment depends on what happened earlier in the circuit. That idea is useful in applications such as memory storage in computers. The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor can then be used to calculate the energy stored in it.

If the capacitor starts uncharged at time equals minus infinity, its initial voltage is zero. From there, the stored energy can be written in terms of charge and capacitance. That energy is the energy in the electric field between the plates. An ideal capacitor can give that energy back because it does not dissipate energy.

Real capacitors are not perfect. A non-ideal capacitor has a parallel-model leakage resistance, but this resistance is usually high enough to ignore in most practical cases. Capacitors also act as an open circuit for direct current, yet they can still charge when connected to a battery. This is why they block DC while allowing alternating current to pass.

Another key feature is that capacitor voltage changes continuously. It cannot jump suddenly. This property is important in power supplies, where capacitors smooth voltage, and in signal processing, where they help filter out noise. Understanding these behaviors is a basic part of electronics and helps engineers build modern electronic systems.

Capacitor Voltage and Charge Behavior

capacitors

Capacitor Charge and Discharge

Capacitors store electric energy and help control signals in devices like car radios. They work by holding charge on two parallel conducting plates with a dielectric, which is the insulating material between the plates. When a voltage source is connected, positive charge builds up on one plate and negative charge builds up on the other. This charge separation creates a potential difference, and it keeps increasing until it matches the source voltage. The electric field inside the capacitor...

energy stored in capacitors

Capacitor voltage and charge behavior depend on how a parallel plate capacitor connects to a battery. When the battery is attached, a potential difference forms across the plates. That voltage determines how much electrical energy the capacitor can store. The voltage across a capacitor can be found by integrating the equation that links voltage and current. That relationship lets students predict the voltage at any moment during charging or discharging. It also shows why a capacitor keeps a...

series and parallel capacitors

Capacitance in Series and Parallel

Capacitors in series and parallel affect a circuit in different ways. These arrangements change the total capacitance, which is the circuit's overall ability to store charge. Knowing the difference helps explain how a circuit responds to signals. When capacitors are connected in series to a battery, the plate tied to the battery's positive terminal becomes positively charged. The plate connected to the negative terminal becomes negatively charged. The other plates develop equal and opposite...

equivalent capacitance

Capacitors in Series and Parallel

Capacitors in series and parallel can be simplified by replacing the group with one equivalent capacitor. This equivalent capacitor stores the same charge as the original network when the same potential difference is applied. The idea helps make complex capacitor circuits easier to analyze. In a parallel connection, capacitors share the same voltage across each branch. The equivalent capacitance of N capacitors in parallel is the sum of their individual capacitances. This type of connection...

inductors

Inductors in Electric Circuits

Inductors are passive components used in electric circuits to store energy in a magnetic field. They are often made by coiling a wire around a magnetic core. This structure gives the component its inductive behavior and its ability to respond to changing current. When current flows through an inductor, the voltage across it is proportional to how quickly the current changes with time. This relationship is written using the passive sign convention, and the constant of proportionality is called...

energy stored in inductors

How Inductor Current Stores Magnetic Energy

An inductor stores energy in its magnetic field. That field is created by the current flowing through the coil. When the current stays steady, there is no measurable voltage across the inductor, so it behaves like a short circuit for direct current. The energy stored in an inductor is the total power delivered over time. It can be written as a function of inductance, L, and current, i, where the stored energy increases with the current in the coil. This relationship helps explain how much...

series and parallel inductors

Equivalent Inductance in Circuit Networks

Equivalent inductance in circuit networks helps simplify circuits with multiple inductors. When inductors are combined, the circuit can often be replaced by one inductor with the same effect on the current and voltage. For inductors in series, the same current flows through each component. Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law shows that the total voltage is the sum of the inductor voltages. As a result, the equivalent inductance of a series group is the sum of the individual inductances. This is...

design example: automobile ignition system

design-example-automobile-ignition-system

Car Spark Coil Voltage Design Example

An automobile ignition system uses a spark plug and a spark coil to create the high voltage needed to ignite the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder. The spark plug has two electrodes with an air gap between them. When enough voltage appears across that gap, a spark forms and starts combustion. A 12-volt car battery does not create that spark by itself. The system uses an inductor, which is a component that resists rapid changes in current, to build a much larger voltage. In this ignition setup,...

key terms and concepts

Learn how capacitor voltage builds, how charge stores energy, and why capacitors block DC, pass AC, and smooth voltage in circuits.

Capacitor Voltage and Charge Behavior | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.6

IPC.6.A

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Physics

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Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials and tools provided to students.

HS-PS3-4

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HS-PS3-5

Capacitor Voltage and Charge Behavior

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