Name: prokaryote chromosomes and plasmids
Uploaded: 2025-08-06T09:37:52.000Z
Duration: 46 s
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

Podobnie jak bardziej złożone organizmy, prokariota używają dwuniciowego DNA jako materiału genetycznego. Jednak te jednokomórkowe organizmy inaczej organizują się i przechowują DNA.
Komórka prokariotyczna nie ma prawdziwego jądra związanego z błoną. Zamiast tego obszar cytoplazmy, nukleoid, zawiera cały genom w jednym zapętlonym i dwuniciowym chromosomie. DNA jest tutaj ciasno zwinięte, super zwinięte w celu efektywnego przechowywania.
Oprócz pełnego genomu w cytoplazmie znajdują się mniejsze dwuniciowe cząsteczki DNA, plazmidy.
Replikują się niezależnie od komórki i mogą zawierać geny, które nadają komórkom przeżycie, takie jak oporność na antybiotyki.

Millan, Alvaro San. "Ewolucja oporności na antybiotyki za pośrednictwem plazmidu w kontekście klinicznym." Trendy w mikrobiologii 26, nr 12 (1 grudnia 2018): 978–85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.007" target="__blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.007</a>.

genomowe dna u prokariotów

Genom większości organizmów prokariotycznych składa się z dwuniciowego DNA zorganizowanego w jeden kolisty chromosom w obszarze cytoplazmy zwanym nukleoidem. Chromosom jest ciasno zwinięty lub superskręcony w celu wydajnego przechowywania. Prokarioty zawierają także inne koliste fragmenty DNA zwane plazmidami. Plazmidy te są mniejsze od chromosomu i często niosą geny nadające funkcje adaptacyjne, takie jak oporność na antybiotyki.

<h4>Różnorodność genomowa bakterii</h4>

Chociaż genomy bakterii są znacznie mniejsze niż genomy eukariotów, różnią się znacznie pod względem wielkości i zawartości genów. Jednym z najmniejszych znanych genomów bakteryjnych jest Mycoplasma genitalium, patogen przenoszony drogą płciową, który powoduje zakażenia dróg moczowych i narządów płciowych u ludzi. M. genitalium. ma długość 580 076 par zasad i składa się z 559 (476 kodujących i 83 niekodujących) genów. Na drugim końcu spektrum znajduje się szczególny szczep Sorangium cellulosum, bakterii żyjącej w glebie. Genom S. cellulosum jest ogromny jak na bakterię i ma długość 14 782 125 par zasad i koduje 11 599 genów.

<h4>Bakterie mogą nabrać oporności na antybiotyki z powodu plazmidów</h4>

Przed odkryciem antybiotyków drobne urazy mogły stać się śmiertelne ze względu na niemożność powstrzymania prostych infekcji bakteryjnych. Odkrycie penicyliny w 1928 r. zapoczątkowało erę antybiotyków, charakteryzującą się rewolucjonizacją metod leczenia i wzrostem średniej długości życia. Jednakże nadmierne stosowanie antybiotyków u ludzi i zwierząt hodowlanych spowodowało, że niektóre bakterie rozwinęły oporność na antybiotyki, czyniąc je mniej skutecznymi lub nieskutecznymi. Geny oporności na antybiotyki mogą być przenoszone na plazmidach, co jest problematyczne, ponieważ wiele bakterii może wymieniać plazmidy z odległymi gatunkami w procesie zwanym koniugacją bakteryjną. Dlatego oporność na antybiotyki może szybko rozprzestrzeniać się w populacjach bakterii, co uwydatnia pilną potrzebę opracowania nowych antybiotyków.

Genomowe DNA u prokariotów

Genom większości organizmów prokariotycznych składa się z dwuniciowego DNA zorganizowanego w jeden kolisty chromosom w regionie cytoplazmy zwanym ...

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prokaryote chromosomes and plasmids

Most prokaryotes store their DNA in one circular chromosome inside the nucleoid, a region of cytoplasm. This chromosome is double-stranded and tightly wound, or supercoiled, so it fits efficiently inside the cell. Prokaryotes also carry smaller circular DNA pieces called plasmids.

Plasmids often carry genes that give bacteria helpful traits. One important example is antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can gain these plasmids and the traits they carry, which can help them adapt to changing conditions.

Bacterial genomes can differ a lot in size and gene content. Mycoplasma genitalium has one of the smallest known bacterial genomes. It is 580,076 base pairs long and contains 559 genes, including 476 coding genes and 83 noncoding genes.

At the other extreme, a strain of Sorangium cellulosum has a much larger genome for a bacterium. Its genome is 14,782,125 base pairs long and encodes 11,599 genes. These examples show how much prokaryotic genomes can vary.

Plasmids also matter because they can spread antibiotic resistance. Before antibiotics were discovered, even minor injuries could become deadly bacterial infections. Penicillin, discovered in 1928, helped start the antibiotic era and greatly improved medical treatment and life expectancy.

Overuse of antibiotics in people and agricultural animals has helped some bacteria evolve resistance. Resistance genes can move on plasmids, and many bacteria can exchange plasmids with distantly related species through bacterial conjugation. This can spread resistance quickly through bacterial populations and shows why new antibiotics are still needed.

Prokaryote Chromosomes and Plasmids

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genomic dna in prokaryotes

Most prokaryotes store their DNA in one circular chromosome inside the nucleoid, a region of cytoplasm. This chromosome is double-stranded and tightly wound, or supercoiled, so it fits efficiently inside the cell. Prokaryotes also carry smaller circular DNA pieces called plasmids. Plasmids often carry genes that give bacteria helpful traits. One important example is antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can gain these plasmids and the traits they carry, which can help them adapt to changing...

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cancer

Cancer Treatment, Personalization, and Cell Growth

Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured. There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how prokaryotes package DNA in a circular chromosome and plasmids, and how plasmids can spread antibiotic resistance between bacteria.

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Prokaryote Chromosomes and Plasmids

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