Name: how cells split by binary fission
Uploaded: 2026-05-28T09:04:15.895Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Binary Fission

Prokariota rozmnażają się poprzez podział komórek, choć przy użyciu innego procesu niż eukarionty, który jest bezpłciowy, tworząc dwa genetycznie identyczne klony samego siebie. Ten rodzaj rozmnażania nazywa się rozszczepieniem binarnym, co oznacza podział na pół.

Aby się podzielić, komórka najpierw zastępuje swoje DNA, kopiując chromosom od początku replikacji, obszaru w pobliżu kontaktu chromosomalnego z błoną plazmatyczną komórki. Enzymy replikacyjne kopiują chromosom dwukierunkowo, poruszając się w przeciwnych kierunkach od początku, tworząc dwa dwuniciowe chromosomy.

W miarę zachodzenia replikacji oba chromosomy zaczynają oddalać się od siebie, na przeciwległe strony komórki. Sama komórka wydłuża się, pobudzając separację chromosomów lub nukleoidów.

Gdy chromosomy przesuną się na przeciwne strony, może rozpocząć się cytoplazmatyczne rozdzielanie, cytokineza. Teraz w punkcie środkowym komórki tworzy się pierścień samoorganizujących się białek, kierując tworzeniem pierścienia przegrody, rozwijającej się ściany komórkowej od obrzeży punktu środkowego do środka.

Kiedy przegroda kończy się rozwijać, szczypie komórkę, dzieląc się, aby uzyskać dwie identyczne komórki potomne.

rozszczepienie binarne

Rozszczepienie to podział pojedynczej jednostki na dwie lub więcej części, które regenerują się na osobne jednostki przypominające oryginał. Organizmy z domen Archeonów i Bakterii rozmnażają się poprzez podział binarny, w którym komórka rodzicielska dzieli się na dwie części, z których każda może urosnąć do rozmiarów pierwotnej komórki rodzicielskiej. Ta bezpłciowa metoda rozmnażania wytwarza komórki, które są genetycznie identyczne.

<h4>Szybkość rozszczepienia bakterii</h4>

Chociaż jego prędkość jest różna w zależności od gatunku, rozszczepienie binarne jest na ogół szybkie i może spowodować oszałamiający wzrost. W czasie potrzebnym komórkom bakteryjnym na rozszczepienie binarne liczba komórek w hodowli bakteryjnej podwaja się. Zatem okres ten jest czasem podwojenia. Na przykład komórki Escherichia coli dzielą się zazwyczaj co 20 minut. Rozwój bakterii jest jednak ograniczony przez takie czynniki, jak dostępność składników odżywczych i przestrzeń. Zatem rozszczepienie binarne zachodzi ze znacznie mniejszą szybkością w kulturach bakteryjnych, które napotkały czynnik ograniczający wzrost (tj. weszły w stacjonarną fazę wzrostu).

<h4>Rozszczepienie organelli w komórkach eukariotycznych</h4>

Oprócz organizmów z domen Archeonów i Bakterii, niektóre organelle w komórkach eukariotycznych również rozmnażają się poprzez rozszczepienie binarne. Na przykład mitochondria dzielą się poprzez prokariotyczne rozszczepienie binarne. Proces ten wymaga podziału białek mitochondrialnych i DNA.

Rozszczepienie binarne

Rozszczepienie to podział pojedynczej jednostki na dwie lub więcej części, które regenerują się w oddzielne jednostki przypominające oryginał. Organizmy w ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biologia

Cellular Processes

Procesy komórkowe

Cell Cycle and Division

Cykl komórkowy i podziały komórkowe

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

Learn by watching this video about Binary Fission in Biological Systems at JoVE.com

how cells split by binary fission

Binary fission is a common way that bacteria and archaea reproduce. In this process, one parent cell divides into two parts. Each new cell can then grow to the size of the original parent cell. This is an asexual form of reproduction, so the cells produced are genetically identical.

Binary fission can happen very fast. In the time it takes one bacterial cell to divide, the number of cells in the culture doubles. That time is called the doubling time. Escherichia coli cells often divide every 20 minutes, but the rate can vary by species.

Bacterial growth does not stay fast forever. It can slow when nutrients or space run low. When this happens, the culture enters a stationary growth phase, and binary fission occurs at a much lower rate.

Some organelles in eukaryotic cells also reproduce by binary fission. Mitochondria are one example. Their division uses prokaryotic binary fission and requires the division of mitochondrial proteins and DNA.

How Cells Split by Binary Fission

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer

The cell cycle is the set of steps a eukaryotic cell follows as it grows and divides. In somatic cells, it has two main stages: interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows, carries out its basic metabolic functions, copies its DNA, and gets ready for mitotic cell division. After interphase, the cell enters mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis divides the nuclear material, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. These steps produce two daughter cells that are identical to the...

genomic dna in prokaryotes

Prokaryote Chromosomes and Plasmids

Most prokaryotes store their DNA in one circular chromosome inside the nucleoid, a region of cytoplasm. This chromosome is double-stranded and tightly wound, or supercoiled, so it fits efficiently inside the cell. Prokaryotes also carry smaller circular DNA pieces called plasmids. Plasmids often carry genes that give bacteria helpful traits. One important example is antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can gain these plasmids and the traits they carry, which can help them adapt to changing...

binary fission

Binary fission is a common way that bacteria and archaea reproduce. In this process, one parent cell divides into two parts. Each new cell can then grow to the size of the original parent cell. This is an asexual form of reproduction, so the cells produced are genetically identical. Binary fission can happen very fast. In the time it takes one bacterial cell to divide, the number of cells in the culture doubles. That time is called the doubling time. Escherichia coli cells often divide every...

genomic dna in eukaryotes

How Eukaryotic DNA Fits Inside the Nucleus

Eukaryotic DNA fits inside the nucleus by packing into a highly compact form. Eukaryotes have large genomes compared with prokaryotes, so their DNA must be tightly organized to fit inside one cell. The process starts when DNA wraps around proteins called histones. These DNA-histone units form nucleosomes, which are connected by linker DNA. The nucleosomes then coil into chromatin fibers, and additional fibrous proteins compact the chromatin even more. This packed material is called chromatin,...

interphase

Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when a eukaryotic cell grows and copies its DNA before mitosis. In a typical human cell, the full cell cycle takes about 24 hours, and interphase makes up about 95 percent of that time. It is followed by mitosis, also called M, when the cell divides. After mitosis and cytokinesis, cells enter the G1 phase, or gap 1. During G1, cells grow continuously and prepare for DNA replication. They are metabolically active and copy essential organelles and...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

positive regulator molecules

Cyclins and CDKs in the Cell Cycle

Cyclins and CDKs help control the cell cycle, the process that produces daughter cells. Cells use internal checkpoints to make sure their size, energy reserves, and DNA are ready before they move forward. At these checkpoints, positive regulators help the cell continue, while negative regulators slow or stop it. The main positive regulators are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or CDKs. These proteins are found in eukaryotes, from yeast to humans. Cyclins are grouped by the stage they help...

negative regulator molecules

Cell Cycle Stop Signals: p53, p21, and Rb

Cell cycle stop signals help control when a cell can move forward through division. Negative regulators pause or end the cell cycle until the cell meets the right conditions. Three well-studied negative regulators are p53, p21, and retinoblastoma protein, or Rb. Their roles became clear after faulty versions were found in cancer cells that kept replicating uncontrollably. These proteins act mostly at the G1 checkpoint, which comes early in the cell cycle. P53 has a strong effect on whether a...

cancer

Cancer Treatment, Personalization, and Cell Growth

Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured. There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how bacteria and archaea use binary fission to reproduce, why bacterial growth can double quickly, and how mitochondria divide in eukaryotic cells.

How Cells Split by Binary Fission | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.Q

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.3

BIO.3.c

LS.2

LS.2.d

Florida Department of Education

High School

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.15

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-4.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SB1.b

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-4

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The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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How Cells Split by Binary Fission

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