Name: interphase in the cell growth cycle
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Interphase

W komórkach eukariotycznych największą częścią cyklu komórkowego jest interfaza, która jest podzielona na trzy etapy: G1, S i G2. W G1, pierwszej fazie przerwy, nowo wygenerowana komórka potomna rośnie i przygotowuje się do duplikacji DNA w następnej fazie.

Teraz, w S, fazie syntezy, komórki powielają swoje jądrowe DNA, które pozostaje upakowane jako chromatyna. Komórki powielają również centrosomy, strukturę organizującą mikrotubule, które tworzą aparat wrzeciona mitotycznego. Wreszcie, w G2, drugiej fazie przerwy, komórki nadal rosną, namnażają organelle i białka, które są niezbędne do mitozy i uzupełniają swoje zapasy energii. Komórka jest teraz gotowa do wejścia w pierwszy etap mitozy.

Schafer, K. A. "The Cell Cycle: A Review." Veterinary Pathology 35, nr 6 (1 listopada 1998): 461-78. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500601" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]

interfaza

Cykl komórkowy trwa około 24 godzin (w typowej komórce ludzkiej) i składa się z dwóch odrębnych etapów: interfazy, która obejmuje trzy fazy cyklu komórkowego (G1, S, i G2) oraz mitozy (M). Podczas interfazy, która zajmuje około 95 procent czasu trwania cyklu komórkowego eukariotycznego, komórki rosną i replikują swoje DNA w ramach przygotowań do mitozy.

<h4>Fazy interfazy</h4>

Po każdym okresie mitozy i cytokinezy komórki eukariotyczne wchodzą w interfazę, podczas której rosną i replikują swoje DNA w ramach przygotowań do kolejnego podziału mitotycznego.

W fazie G1 (przerwa 1) komórki rosną w sposób ciągły i przygotowują się do replikacji DNA. Podczas tej fazy komórki są aktywne metabolicznie i kopiują niezbędne organelle i cząsteczki biochemiczne, takie jak białka.

W kolejnej fazie interfazy S (syntezy) komórki duplikują swoje jądrowe DNA, które pozostaje upakowane w częściowo skondensowanej chromatynie. Podczas fazy S komórki duplikują również centrosom, strukturę organizującą mikrotubule, która tworzy aparat wrzeciona mitotycznego. Wrzeciono mitotyczne oddziela chromosomy podczas mitozy.

W fazie G2 (przerwa 2), która następuje po syntezie DNA, komórki kontynuują wzrost i syntezę białek i organelli, aby przygotować się do mitozy.

W komórkach ludzkich faza G1 trwa około 11 godzin, faza S trwa około 8 godzin, a faza G2 trwa około 4 godzin. Podczas G1 komórki są diploidalne (2n, para każdego chromosomu). Po replikacji w fazie S komórki zwiększają zawartość DNA do 4n. Komórki pozostają 4n aż do cytokinezy, w którym to momencie zawartość ich DNA zmniejsza się do 2n.

Interfaza

Cykl komórkowy zachodzi w ciągu około 24 godzin (w typowej komórce ludzkiej) i składa się z dwóch odrębnych etapów: interfazy, która obejmuje trzy fazy ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biologia

Cellular Processes

Procesy komórkowe

Cell Cycle and Division

Cykl komórkowy i podziały komórkowe

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

interphase in the cell growth cycle

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when a eukaryotic cell grows and copies its DNA before mitosis. In a typical human cell, the full cell cycle takes about 24 hours, and interphase makes up about 95 percent of that time. It is followed by mitosis, also called M, when the cell divides.

After mitosis and cytokinesis, cells enter the G1 phase, or gap 1. During G1, cells grow continuously and prepare for DNA replication. They are metabolically active and copy essential organelles and biochemical molecules, including proteins.

The next stage is S phase, or synthesis phase. In this phase, the cell duplicates its nuclear DNA, which stays packed in semi-condensed chromatin. The centrosome is also duplicated. This microtubule-organizing structure helps form the mitotic spindle, which separates chromosomes during mitosis.

After DNA synthesis, the cell enters G2, or gap 2. During G2, cells keep growing and make more proteins and organelles to prepare for mitosis. In human cells, G1 lasts about 11 hours, S phase about 8 hours, and G2 about 4 hours.

The DNA content of the cell also changes during interphase. In G1, cells are diploid, or 2n, with one pair of each chromosome. After DNA replication in S phase, the DNA content rises to 4n. Cells stay at 4n until cytokinesis, when the DNA content returns to 2n.

Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle

what is the cell cycle?

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The cell cycle is the set of steps a eukaryotic cell follows as it grows and divides. In somatic cells, it has two main stages: interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows, carries out its basic metabolic functions, copies its DNA, and gets ready for mitotic cell division. After interphase, the cell enters mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis divides the nuclear material, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. These steps produce two daughter cells that are identical to the...

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interphase

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when a eukaryotic cell grows and copies its DNA before mitosis. In a typical human cell, the full cell cycle takes about 24 hours, and interphase makes up about 95 percent of that time. It is followed by mitosis, also called M, when the cell divides. After mitosis and cytokinesis, cells enter the G1 phase, or gap 1. During G1, cells grow continuously and prepare for DNA replication. They are metabolically active and copy essential organelles and...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

positive regulator molecules

Cyclins and CDKs in the Cell Cycle

Cyclins and CDKs help control the cell cycle, the process that produces daughter cells. Cells use internal checkpoints to make sure their size, energy reserves, and DNA are ready before they move forward. At these checkpoints, positive regulators help the cell continue, while negative regulators slow or stop it. The main positive regulators are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or CDKs. These proteins are found in eukaryotes, from yeast to humans. Cyclins are grouped by the stage they help...

negative regulator molecules

Cell Cycle Stop Signals: p53, p21, and Rb

Cell cycle stop signals help control when a cell can move forward through division. Negative regulators pause or end the cell cycle until the cell meets the right conditions. Three well-studied negative regulators are p53, p21, and retinoblastoma protein, or Rb. Their roles became clear after faulty versions were found in cancer cells that kept replicating uncontrollably. These proteins act mostly at the G1 checkpoint, which comes early in the cell cycle. P53 has a strong effect on whether a...

cancer

Cancer Treatment, Personalization, and Cell Growth

Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured. There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Follow the three stages of interphase—G1, S, and G2—and see how cells grow, copy DNA, and prepare for mitosis in the human cell cycle.

Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle

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