Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Przywspółczulny układ nerwowy regeneruje organizm w spokojnych czasach, kiedy nie ma zagrożeń i często nazywany jest układem odpoczynku i trawienia.

Jest to jeden z głównych działów autonomicznego układu nerwowego, który kontroluje mimowolne funkcje poprzez regulację aktywności mięśni gładkich w narządach trzewnych, mięśnia sercowego w sercu i niektórych gruczołów, takich jak gruczoły ślinowe.

Kiedy przywspółczulny układ nerwowy jest aktywowany, sygnały z neuronów przedzwojowych w pniu mózgu i krzyżowej części rdzenia kręgowego są wysyłane do zwojów, skupisk ciał komórek nerwowych w obwodowym układzie nerwowym, w pobliżu kontrolowanych narządów lub gruczołów.

W tym przypadku wiadomość jest przekazywana do neuronów zazwojowych, które zazwyczaj wykorzystują neuroprzekaźnik acetylocholinę do regulacji aktywności tkanek docelowych. Na przykład obniżają tętno, rozluźniając ciało i stymulują skurcz mięśni w jelitach i pęcherzu, wspomagając trawienie i wydalanie.

W rezultacie układ przywspółczulny pomaga odbudować zapasy energii i utrzymać homeostazę w czasie, gdy organizm jest w stanie odpocząć.

Stewart, Julian M. "Powszechne zespoły nietolerancji ortostatycznej." Pediatrics 131, nr 5 (maj 2013): 968-80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]

przywspółczulny układ nerwowy

<h4>Przegląd</h4>

Przywspółczulny układ nerwowy jest jednym z dwóch głównych działów autonomicznego układu nerwowego. Ten układ przywspółczulny jest odpowiedzialny za regulację wielu nieświadomych funkcji, takich jak tętno i trawienie. Składa się z neuronów zlokalizowanych zarówno w mózgu, jak i obwodowym układzie nerwowym, które wysyłają swoje aksony do docelowych mięśni, narządów i gruczołów.

<h4>System“odpoczynku i trawienia”</h4>

Aktywacja układu przywspółczulnego ma zwykle relaksujący wpływ na organizm, wspierając funkcje uzupełniania zasobów i przywracania homeostazy. Dlatego czasami nazywa się to systemem ”odpoczynku i trawienia”. Układ przywspółczulny dominuje w spokojnych okresach, kiedy można bezpiecznie przeznaczyć zasoby na podstawowe funkcje ”sprzątania” bez ryzyka ataku lub krzywdy.

<h4>Kontrola układu przywspółczulnego</h4>

Przywspółczulny układ nerwowy może być aktywowany przez różne części mózgu, w tym podwzgórze. Neurony przedzwojowe w pniu mózgu i części krzyżowej rdzenia kręgowego najpierw wysyłają swoje aksony do zwojów — skupisk ciał komórek nerwowych — w obwodowym układzie nerwowym. Zwoje te zawierają połączenia między neuronami przed- i postganglionowymi i są zlokalizowane w pobliżu narządów lub gruczołów, które kontrolują. Stąd neurony pozazwojowe wysyłają swoje aksony do tkanek docelowych — zazwyczaj mięśni gładkich, mięśnia sercowego lub gruczołów. Zazwyczaj do regulowania aktywności tych celów stosuje się neuroprzekaźnik acetylocholinę.

Aktywacja układu przywspółczulnego powoduje różnorodne skutki w organizmie. Obniża tętno i powoduje zwężenie źrenic—przywracając organizm do bardziej zrelaksowanego stanu. Pobudza także trawienie i wydalanie — na przykład poprzez pobudzanie wydzielania śliny, skurczów perystaltycznych w żołądku i jelitach oraz skurczu pęcherza w celu wydalenia moczu. Pomaga odbudować zapasy energii, powodując, że trzustka wydziela więcej insuliny. Wreszcie wspomaga reprodukcję, zwiększając przepływ krwi do narządów płciowych.

<h4>Na stojąco</h4>

Kontrola tętna i przepływu krwi jest niezbędna nawet w przypadku tak przyziemnych zadań, jak wstawanie. Osoby cierpiące na nietolerancję ortostatyczną (OI) mogą odczuwać chroniczne zawroty głowy i omdlenia w wyniku prostego przyjęcia pozycji pionowej, zwanej ortostazą. Autonomiczny układ nerwowy kontroluje niezbędne zmiany w układzie naczyniowym i częstości akcji serca, gdy angażujemy się w ortostazę. W szczególności układ przywspółczulny jest odpowiedzialny za sygnały umożliwiające rozszerzenie naczyń — rozluźnienie mięśni otaczających naczynia krwionośne — tętnic mózgowych. Niewłaściwa sygnalizacja przez przywspółczulny układ nerwowy może spowodować utratę przytomności z powodu niewystarczającego przepływu krwi do mózgu.

Przywspółczulny układ nerwowy

Przegląd

Przywspółczulny układ nerwowy jest jednym z dwóch głównych działów autonomicznego układu nerwowego. Ten układ przywspółczulny jest odpowiedzialny za ...

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rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

what is a nervous system?

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The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

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the synapse

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Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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