Name: sympathetic stress response and body changes
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
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The Sympathetic Nervous System

Współczulny układ nerwowy przygotowuje organizm do podjęcia działań w chwilach zagrożenia, stresu lub podniecenia, w tym do aktywacji reakcji walki lub ucieczki.

Jest to jeden z głównych działów autonomicznego układu nerwowego, który kontroluje mimowolne funkcje poprzez regulację aktywności mięśni gładkich w narządach trzewnych, mięśnia sercowego w sercu i niektórych gruczołów, takich jak gruczoły potowe.

Kiedy współczulny układ nerwowy jest aktywowany, neurony przedzwojowe w piersiowym i lędźwiowym rdzeniu kręgowym wysyłają sygnały do obwodowego układu nerwowego. Niektóre wysyłają swoje sygnały do łańcucha zwojów, skupisk ciał komórek nerwowych, które biegną po boku kręgosłupa.

Stąd neurony zazwojowe przekazują sygnał do tkanek docelowych, powodując reakcje, takie jak przyspieszone tętno i zwężenie naczyń krwionośnych, dostarczając więcej krwi do mięśni.

Inne neurony przedzwojowe wysyłają sygnały do neuronów zazwojowych w zwojach w pobliżu narządów docelowych, gdzie mają takie działanie, jak hamowanie trawienia w żołądku i wydalanie z pęcherza, procesy, które mają niski priorytet w czasach stresu. 

Trzecia grupa neuronów przedzwojowych przemieszcza się bezpośrednio do nadnerczy, gdzie stymulują produkcję hormonów, takich jak epinefryna, które pośredniczą w reakcji na stres w całym ciele.

McEwen, Bruce S. i John H. Morrison. "Mózg o stresie: wrażliwość i plastyczność kory przedczołowej w ciągu życia". Neuron 79, nr 1 (10 lipca 2013): 16–29. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]

współczulny układ nerwowy

<h4>Przegląd</h4>

Współczulny układ nerwowy — jeden z dwóch głównych działów autonomicznego układu nerwowego — aktywuje się w chwilach stresu. Przygotowuje organizm do sprostania wyzwaniom stawianym przez wymagające okoliczności, jednocześnie hamując podstawowe funkcje organizmu—takie jak trawienie—które w tej chwili mają niższy priorytet.

<h4>System “walcz lub uciekaj “</h4>

Jako uczeń mogłeś spotkać się z sytuacją, gdy wszedłeś na zajęcia i zastałeś niespodziewany egzamin, którego się nie spodziewałeś. W momencie uświadomienia sobie tego możesz poczuć ucisk w żołądku, suchość w ustach i nagle serce zaczyna bić szybciej. Są to oznaki, że układ współczulny przejmuje kontrolę i przygotowuje się do reakcji. Choć być może nie jesteś w bezpośrednim niebezpieczeństwie, system ewoluował, aby ułatwić natychmiastową reakcję na stres lub zagrożenie: krew jest kierowana z dala od układu trawiennego i skóry, aby zwiększyć dopływ energii do mięśni. Co więcej, zwiększa się częstość akcji serca i przepływ krwi, a źrenice rozszerzają się, aby zmaksymalizować percepcję wzrokową. W tym samym czasie nadnercze uwalnia adrenalinę do układu krążenia. Twoje ciało jest teraz przygotowane do podjęcia działań, niezależnie od tego, czy oznacza to szybką ucieczkę przed niebezpieczeństwem, czy walkę z jakimkolwiek zagrożeniem, które może się pojawić.

<h4>Kontrola układu współczulnego</h4>

Współczulny układ nerwowy może być aktywowany przez różne części mózgu, przy czym szczególnie ważną rolę odgrywa podwzgórze. Instrukcje współczulne z ośrodkowego układu nerwowego są wysyłane z neuronów przedzwojowych w części piersiowej i lędźwiowej rdzenia kręgowego do obwodowego układu nerwowego—gdzie wywierają ostateczny wpływ—trzema głównymi drogami.

Pierwszy szlak obejmuje neurony przedzwojowe, które łączą się z pobliskim łańcuchem zwojów — skupiskami ciał komórek nerwowych — biegnącym wzdłuż obu stron kręgosłupa, często nazywanym łańcuchem współczulnym. Tutaj sygnał aktywuje neurony pozazwojowe, które podróżują do docelowych narządów lub gruczołów, aby regulować ich funkcję. Ich skutki obejmują rozszerzenie źrenic — umożliwienie dostania się większej ilości światła do oczu; rozluźnienie dróg oddechowych — dostarczanie większej ilości tlenu oraz zwężenie naczyń krwionośnych i przyspieszenie akcji serca — tłoczenie większej ilości krwi do mięśni.

W drugim szlaku neurony przedzwojowe wysyłają sygnały do zwojów położonych dalej od rdzenia kręgowego, w pobliżu narządów docelowych. Tutaj aktywują neurony pozazwojowe, które kontrolują aktywność narządów, takich jak żołądek, trzustka, wątroba, jelita, pęcherz i narządy płciowe. Skutki tego szlaku obejmują hamowanie trawienia i oddawania moczu oraz stymulowanie orgazmów.

Trzecim szlakiem niewielka grupa neuronów przedzwojowych przemieszcza się z rdzenia kręgowego bezpośrednio do nadnerczy, gdzie stymulują wydzielanie hormonów adrenaliny i noradrenaliny do krwioobiegu—pomagając pośredniczyć w reakcji na stres w całym organizmie.

<h4>Przewlekły stres</h4>

Współczulny układ nerwowy ewoluował, aby umożliwić zwierzętom najlepszą reakcję na bezpośrednie zagrożenia, takie jak nagłe spotkanie z drapieżnikiem lub rywalem. Chociaż ludzie pozostawili za sobą większość pierwotnych lęków, układ współczulny organizmu może nadal reagować na stresujące sytuacje w taki sam sposób, jak podczas spotkania z dzikim kotem sawannowym. Obejmuje to uwalnianie hormonów epinefryny — zwanej także adrenaliną — i kortyzolu.

W normalnych warunkach układ jest krótko aktywowany, a hormony te nie są obecne w układzie krążenia przez długi czas. Jednakże współczesne czynniki stresogenne obecne w naszym codziennym życiu mogą nadmiernie aktywować ten system i narażać organizm na dłuższe okresy czasu, co może mieć wyniszczające skutki. Mogą to być stany lękowe, depresja, choroby serca, przyrost masy ciała i zaburzenia snu. Wymagania życia uniwersyteckiego mogą stanowić wyzwanie, dlatego niezwykle ważne jest zaangażowanie się w zdrowe radzenie sobie ze stresem. Niektóre strategie radzenia sobie ze stresem obejmują zdrowe odżywianie, odpowiednią ilość snu, utrzymywanie relacji społecznych i, jeśli to konieczne, zasięgnięcie profesjonalnej porady.

Współczulny układ nerwowy

Przegląd

Współczulny układ nerwowy - jeden z dwóch głównych działów autonomicznego układu nerwowego - jest aktywowany w czasie stresu. Ono...

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sympathetic stress response and body changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold.

This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system and skin and sends more energy to muscles. It also raises heart rate and blood flow, and it dilates the pupils to improve vision. At the same time, the adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the blood. The body is then ready to flee or fight.

The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by parts of the brain, especially the hypothalamus. Its signals start in preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and then travel through the peripheral nervous system. These signals follow three main pathways to reach organs and glands.

In the first pathway, preganglionic neurons connect to a nearby chain of ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies along each side of the spinal column. This chain is often called the sympathetic chain. The signal then activates postganglionic neurons, which act on target organs and glands. Their effects include pupil dilation, airway relaxation for more oxygen, and blood vessel constriction with a faster heart rate to move more blood to muscles.

In the second pathway, preganglionic neurons send signals to ganglia that are farther from the spinal cord and closer to the target organs. These postganglionic neurons control organs such as the stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines, bladder, and genitals. Their effects include slowing digestion and urination, and they can also stimulate orgasms.

In the third pathway, a small group of preganglionic neurons goes directly from the spinal cord to the adrenal gland. This triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These hormones help spread the stress response through the body.

The sympathetic nervous system evolved to help animals handle immediate threats, such as a predator or rival. Humans still use the same response during stressful events, and it can involve epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and cortisol. Under normal conditions, this reaction is brief. But modern stress can keep the system active for too long, which may lead to anxiety, depression, heart disease, weight gain, and sleep disorders. Healthy stress management can include good food, enough sleep, social support, and professional counseling when needed.

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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the sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

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the synapse

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key terms and concepts

Explore how the sympathetic nervous system triggers fight-or-flight body changes, from pupil dilation and faster heart rate to adrenal hormone release and stress control.

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Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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