Name: spinal cord structure and dermatomes
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:49:14.000Z
Duration: 1 min 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.25

The Spinal Cord

Rdzeń kręgowy to gruby cylinder tkanki nerwowej, który stanowi część ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, przekazując aferentne informacje czuciowe z peryferii do mózgu i odprowadzające informacje motoryczne z mózgu na peryferia.

W przekroju poprzecznym istota szara po wewnętrznej stronie rdzenia kręgowego ma kształt motyla. Róg brzuszny istoty szarej zawiera neurony ruchowe. Jest otoczony istotą białą z grupami aksonów zarówno wznoszących, jak i zstępujących. W środku znajduje się kanał centralny, w którym znajduje się płyn mózgowo-rdzeniowy, który odżywia tkankę nerwową. Sam rdzeń jest otoczony błonami, oponami mózgowo-rdzeniowymi, które obejmują oponę twardą.

Rdzeń kręgowy, połączony w pniu mózgu, biegnie przez otwór wielki i szereg kości kręgosłupa, aż kończy się na poziomie lędźwiowym L1-2 i tworzy długą wiązkę nerwów zwaną ogonem końskim. Jest podzielony na poziomy lub regiony określone przez położenie kręgów ze sparowanymi nerwami rdzeniowymi.

Na przykład kręgosłup szyjny, obszary od C2 do C7, odpowiadają nerwom unerwieniu szyi, ramion, ramion i dłoni. W obrębie każdego kręgu pary korzeni nerwów wychodzą przez otwór kręgowy do oddzielnych gałęzi. Korzeń nerwu brzusznego celuje w mięśnie, aby kontrolować ruch, podczas gdy korzeń nerwu grzbietowego unerwia skórę, aby przekazać uczucie. Każdy obszar skóry unerwiony przez określony nerw rdzeniowy nazywany jest dermatomem i przedstawiany na mapach dermatomów. Mapy te mają na celu pomóc klinicystom określić, gdzie może pochodzić konkretny ból lub choroba skóry.

Hochman, Shawn. "Rdzeń kręgowy." Current Biology 17, nr 22 (20 listopada 2007): R950-55. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.014" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]

Ahuja, Christopher S., Satoshi Nori, Lindsay Tetreault, Jefferson Wilson, Brian Kwon, James Harrop, David Choi i Michael G. Fehlings. "Urazowe uszkodzenie rdzenia kręgowego — naprawa i regeneracja". Neurosurgery 80, nr 3S (1 marca 2017): S9–22. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyw080" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]

rdzeń kręgowy

Rdzeń kręgowy to główny przewód nerwowy ośrodkowego układu nerwowego przekazujący dośrodkowe informacje czuciowe z obwodu do mózgu i odprowadzające informacje motoryczne z mózgu do ciała. Ludzki rdzeń kręgowy rozciąga się od otworu u podstawy czaszki, czyli otworu wielkiego, do poziomu pierwszego lub drugiego kręgu lędźwiowego.

<h4>Widok przekroju</h4>

Rdzeń kręgowy ma kształt cylindryczny i zawiera zarówno istotę białą, jak i szarą. W centrum znajduje się kanał centralny, będący pozostałością po świetle prymitywnej cewy nerwowej i będący częścią wewnętrznego układu jam płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego. W przekroju istota szara otaczająca kanał centralny ma kształt motyla.

Skrzydła motyla dzielą się na rogi grzbietowe i brzuszne. Róg grzbietowy zawiera jądra czuciowe, które przekazują informacje zmysłowe, a róg brzuszny zawiera neurony ruchowe, które dają początek aksonom unerwiającym mięśnie szkieletowe.

Istota biała otacza istotę szarą i zawiera dużą liczbę włókien mielinowych. Istota biała jest ułożona w podłużne wiązki zwane kolumnami grzbietowymi, bocznymi i brzusznymi. Rdzeń kręgowy otaczają trzy błony: opona przylega ściśle do powierzchni rdzenia kręgowego, następnie pajęczynówka i opona twarda—czyli twarda, najbardziej zewnętrzna powłoka.

<h4>Organizacja</h4>

Rdzeń kręgowy jest podzielony na cztery różne obszary i jest zorganizowany segmentowo. Z pępowiny wychodzi 31 par nerwów: osiem szyjnych, 12 piersiowych, pięć lędźwiowych, pięć krzyżowych i jeden guziczny.

<h4>Dermatomy</h4>

Każdy odcinek rdzenia kręgowego unerwia inny obszar ciała i jest reprezentowany na skórze jako dermatom. Dermatom to obszar skóry zaopatrywany przez nerw obwodowy pochodzący z pojedynczego zwoju korzenia grzbietowego. Klinicznie mapy dermatomów są przydatne w określaniu poziomu uszkodzeń rdzenia kręgowego i lokalizacji uszkodzeń korzeni nerwów obwodowych. Należy jednak wziąć pod uwagę duże zróżnicowanie i nakładanie się dermatomów sąsiadujących ze sobą odcinków kręgosłupa. Chociaż istnieje 31 par nerwów rdzeniowych, jest tylko 30 dermatomów, ponieważ C1 na ogół nie ma korzenia rdzeniowego i dlatego pierwszy dermatom odpowiada C2.

Rdzeń kręgowy

Rdzeń kręgowy jest głównym drogiem nerwowym ośrodkowego układu nerwowego organizmu, przekazującym aferentne informacje sensoryczne z peryferii do ...

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Biology

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Musculoskeletal System

Układ mięśniowo-szkieletowy

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

spinal cord structure and dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural tube. It is part of the internal system of cerebrospinal fluid cavities. The gray matter around it has a butterfly shape. Its dorsal horns contain sensory nuclei that relay sensory input, and its ventral horns contain motor neurons that send axons to skeletal muscle.

White matter surrounds the gray matter and contains many myelinated fibers. It is organized into longitudinal bundles called the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns. Three membranes protect the spinal cord. The pia mater lies directly on its surface, the arachnoid lies outside the pia, and the dura mater forms the tough outer sheath.

The spinal cord is divided into four regions and is organized in segments. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: eight cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, and one coccygeal. Each segment connects to a specific part of the body.

These body maps are called dermatomes. A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a peripheral nerve from a single dorsal root ganglion. Dermatome maps help locate spinal cord lesions and peripheral nerve root lesions. The pattern is not exact, because adjacent dermatomes can overlap and vary. Although there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, there are only 30 dermatomes, since C1 usually has no spinal root and the first dermatome is C2.

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

what is the skeletal system?

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

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skeletal muscle anatomy

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classification of skeletal muscle fibers

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muscle contraction

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cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

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motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore spinal cord structure, gray and white matter, spinal nerve regions, and dermatomes with a clear high school biology focus.

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes | JoVE K12

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Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

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