Name: electromagnetic waves: uses across the spectrum
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:27.000Z
Duration: 2 min 37 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

3.3.9-12.H

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Widmo elektromagnetyczne to zakres częstotliwości i odpowiadających im długości fal promieniowania elektromagnetycznego.

Długość fali i częstotliwość są do siebie odwrotnie proporcjonalne; im dłuższa długość fali, tym niższa częstotliwość.

Energia promieniowania elektromagnetycznego jest wprost proporcjonalna do jego częstotliwości, jak pokazuje równanie Plancka. Tak więc fale elektromagnetyczne o najwyższych energiach mają najkrótsze długości fal.

Fale elektromagnetyczne są klasyfikowane jako fale radiowe, mikrofale, podczerwień, światło widzialne, ultrafiolet, promieniowanie rentgenowskie lub promienie gamma w zależności od ich częstotliwości i długości fal.

Fale radiowe, które są używane do przesyłania sygnałów między systemami komunikacyjnymi, mają najdłuższe długości fal, najniższe częstotliwości i najmniejszą ilość energii.

Mikrofale mają kolejne najdłuższe długości fal. Ich zastosowania obejmują zarówno systemy radarowe, jak i podgrzewanie żywności w domu.

Dalej jest promieniowanie podczerwone, które stanowi znaczną część promieniowania cieplnego emitowanego przez ciepłe obiekty. Na przykład Ziemia zarówno pochłania promieniowanie podczerwone jako część energii promieniowania emitowanego przez Słońce, jak i sama emituje promieniowanie podczerwone w przestrzeń kosmiczną.

Długości fal światła widzialnego są jeszcze krótsze i wynoszą od 740 do 390 nanometrów. Światło czerwone ma najdłuższe długości fal, a fiolet ma najkrótsze. Ludzkie oczy reagują tylko na ten wąski zakres długości fal.

Promieniowanie ultrafioletowe ma jeszcze krótsze fale. Światło słoneczne jest najbardziej znanym źródłem promieniowania ultrafioletowego, które ma wystarczającą energię, aby nadmierna ekspozycja powodowała oparzenia słoneczne i prowadziła do raka skóry.

Promieniowanie rentgenowskie i gamma mają najkrótsze długości fal i są najbardziej energetycznymi formami promieniowania elektromagnetycznego. Promienie rentgenowskie mogą przenikać przez wiele substancji, ale nie przechodzą łatwo przez kości. To sprawia, że są one ważnym narzędziem do obrazowania.

Promienie gamma są najbardziej znane z tego, że są uwalniane podczas łańcuchów rozpadu niektórych pierwiastków promieniotwórczych. Chociaż nie ma uniwersalnego rozróżnienia między promieniowaniem gamma a promieniowaniem rentgenowskim, zwykle uważa się, że promienie gamma mają najkrótsze długości fal, najwyższe częstotliwości i najwyższe energie.

widmo elektromagnetyczne

Widmo elektromagnetyczne obejmuje wszystkie rodzaje promieniowania elektromagnetycznego uporządkowane według częstotliwości i długości fali. Z każdym z różnych kolorów światła widzialnego są powiązane określone częstotliwości i długości fal. Jak można zauważyć, światło widzialne stanowi tylko niewielką część widma elektromagnetycznego. Ponieważ technologie opracowane do pracy w różnych częściach widma elektromagnetycznego są różne, ze względu na wygodę i dziedzictwo historyczne, zazwyczaj stosuje się różne jednostki dla różnych części widma. Na przykład fale radiowe są zwykle określane jako częstotliwości (zwykle w jednostkach MHz), podczas gdy obszar widzialny jest zwykle określany jako długości fal (zwykle w jednostkach nm lub angstremach).

<img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/975/975Image_1.png" style="width: 700px;"> 
Rysunek 1: Fragmenty widma elektromagnetycznego pokazano w kolejności rosnącej częstotliwości i malejącej długości fali.

Rodzaje fal elektromagnetycznych to fale radiowe, mikrofale, ultrafiolet, światło widzialne, podczerwień, promieniowanie rentgenowskie i promienie gamma.

Fale radiowe mają najdłuższą długość fali, najniższe częstotliwości i niosą najmniejszą ilość energii. Wykorzystuje się je w technologii telefonii komórkowej, transmisjach radiowych i telewizyjnych, kontroli ruchu lotniczego itp.

Mikrofale mają krótszą długość fali w porównaniu do fal radiowych. Są wchłaniane przez wodę i służą do podgrzewania i gotowania potraw.

Następne jest promieniowanie podczerwone, emitowane przez ciepłe obiekty. Na przykład Ziemia pochłania energię promieniowania słonecznego i emituje promieniowanie podczerwone. Część promieniowania podczerwonego jest pochłaniana i ponownie emitowana przez atmosferę, aby utrzymać średnią temperaturę Ziemi poprzez efekt cieplarniany. Gogle noktowizyjne wykrywają promieniowanie podczerwone emitowane przez nasze ciała.

Światło widzialne to tylko niewielka część promieniowania elektromagnetycznego w zakresie od 740 do 390 nm. Ludzkie oko widzi tylko ten niewielki zakres długości fal. Światło widzialne składa się głównie z siedmiu składników barwnych, w tym czerwonego, pomarańczowego, żółtego, zielonego, niebieskiego, indygo i fioletu.

Promieniowanie ultrafioletowe ma długość fali w zakresie od 400 do 10 nm. Światło słoneczne jest najbardziej znanym źródłem promieniowania UV. Niesie w sobie tyle energii, że przy nadmiernej ekspozycji powoduje oparzenia słoneczne.

Promienie rentgenowskie mogą przechodzić przez wiele substancji, co czyni je ważnym narzędziem obrazowania. Dentyści wykorzystują zdjęcia rentgenowskie do celów diagnostycznych, a ochrona lotniska wykorzystuje je do wizualizacji elementów znajdujących się w walizce.

Promienie gamma mają mniejsze długości fal, wyższe częstotliwości i energie. Promienie gamma są uwalniane w wyniku reakcji jądrowych i naturalnie występujących pierwiastków promieniotwórczych.

Promienie rentgenowskie i promienie gamma są najbardziej energetycznymi formami promieniowania elektromagnetycznego. Ich wysokie energie mogą jonizować atomy i cząsteczki. Promieniowanie jonizujące może powodować trwałe zmiany lub uszkodzenia cząsteczek biologicznych. Służą do niszczenia komórek nowotworowych.

Widmo elektromagnetyczne

Widmo elektromagnetyczne składa się ze wszystkich rodzajów promieniowania elektromagnetycznego ułożonych zgodnie z ich częstotliwością i długością fali. Każdy z ...

Education

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Electronic Structure of Atoms

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

electromagnetic waves: uses across the spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum includes all electromagnetic radiation arranged by frequency and wavelength. Visible light is only a small part of it, and each color of visible light has its own frequency and wavelength. Different parts of the spectrum also use different units. Radio waves are usually measured in MHz, while the visible range is often measured in nm or angstroms.

The spectrum is organized from radio waves to gamma rays as frequency increases and wavelength decreases. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths, the lowest frequencies, and the least energy. They are used in cell phones, radio and television broadcasts, and air-traffic control. Microwaves have shorter wavelengths than radio waves and are absorbed by water, which is why they can heat and cook food.

Infrared radiation is next and is emitted by warm objects. The Earth absorbs energy from the Sun and gives off infrared radiation. Some of this radiation is absorbed and re-emitted by the atmosphere, which helps keep Earth’s average temperature stable through the greenhouse effect. Night vision goggles also detect the infrared radiation that our bodies emit.

Visible light spans only about 740 to 390 nm, so the human eye can see just a narrow band of electromagnetic radiation. This band includes red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Ultraviolet radiation has wavelengths from about 400 to 10 nm. Sunlight is the most familiar source of UV radiation, and too much exposure can cause sunburn.

X-rays can pass through many materials, so they are useful for imaging. Dentists use x-rays for diagnosis, and airport security uses them to view what is inside a suitcase. Gamma rays have even smaller wavelengths, higher frequencies, and higher energies. They come from nuclear reactions and naturally occurring radioactive elements. X-rays and gamma rays are the most energetic forms of electromagnetic radiation, and their ionizing radiation can damage biological molecules. Because of that, they can be used to destroy cancer cells.

Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum

electromagnetic-waves-uses-across-the-spectrum

the wave nature of light

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the electromagnetic spectrum

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atomic orbitals

Electron Regions in Atomic Orbitals

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the energies of atomic orbitals

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the aufbau principle and hund's rule

Electron Filling Order in Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling order in atomic orbitals follows the aufbau principle and Hund's rule. To write an electron configuration, we build atoms in order of atomic number. Starting with hydrogen and moving across the periods of the periodic table, one proton is added to the nucleus and one electron is placed into the correct subshell. This process describes the ground-state electron configurations of the elements. The aufbau principle comes from the German word aufbau, which means "to build up." It...

electron configuration of multielectron atoms

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Valence Electrons and Noble Gas Shorthand

Valence electrons and noble gas shorthand help show how electrons are arranged in multielectron atoms. Sodium, the alkali metal with atomic number 11, has one more electron than neon. That extra electron goes into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, so sodium has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. Electrons in the outermost shell, where n is highest, are called valence electrons. Electrons in the inner shells are called core electrons. Because core electrons often match a...

key terms and concepts

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Physics

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SC.912.P.10.19

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3.3.9-12.K

Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum

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