Name: potential energy diagrams and stability
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:57:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physics

Energy

PS.Phy.6.2

Energy Diagrams - I

Diagram energetyczny to wykres energii potencjalnej w funkcji położenia obiektu, gdy działa na niego siła konserwatywna. Ze względu na wypadkowe siły zachowawcze działające na obiekt, całkowita energia mechaniczna układu jest stała.
Wyobraźmy sobie łyżwiarza w punkcie spoczynku A na pozbawionej tarcia parabolicznej rampie o wysokości y. Grawitacyjna energia potencjalna łyżwiarza jest więc równa mgy, podczas gdy jego energia kinetyczna wynosi zero.
Gdy łyżwiarz porusza się w dół, jego energia potencjalna zmniejsza się o x2. 
Na dole rampy energia potencjalna łyżwiarza spada do zera, podczas gdy jego energia kinetyczna osiąga maksimum.
Kiedy łyżwiarz porusza się w kierunku punktu B, energia potencjalna osiąga maksymalną wartość, a energia kinetyczna zbliża się do zera.
Ponadto, ponieważ rampa jest pozbawiona tarcia, łyżwiarz wykonuje ruch oscylacyjny na dole rampy. Zatem siła działająca na łyżwiarza jest ujemną pochodną energii potencjalnej w danym momencie.

diagramy energetyczne - i

Dynamikę układu mechanicznego można łatwo zrozumieć, interpretując diagram energii potencjalnej. Ponieważ energia jest wielkością skalarną, interpretacja dynamiki układu staje się jeszcze prostsza.

Weź przykład rolkarza na rampie parabolicznej. Energia potencjalna w różnych punktach rampy będzie proporcjonalna do wysokości rampy, która zmienia się kwadratowo wraz z poziomym położeniem rampy. Gdy łyżwiarz zjeżdża po rampie z najwyższej pozycji, jego energia potencjalna zamienia się w energię kinetyczną. Siła wypadkowa działająca na łyżwiarza to siła grawitacji; dlatego całkowita energia mechaniczna łyżwiarza jest stała i zachowana. W dowolnej pozycji na rampie suma energii potencjalnej i energii kinetycznej będzie całkowitą energią mechaniczną łyżwiarza.

Łyżwiarz oscyluje pomiędzy dwoma punktami, które są symetryczne względem dolnej części rampy. W tych dwóch pozycjach energie potencjalne są równe i jest to całkowita energia mechaniczna łyżwiarza, przy czym energia kinetyczna wynosi zero. Pozycje te nazywane są „punktami zwrotnymi”; ponieważ z tych pozycji zawodnik zawsze będzie przesuwał się w dół rampy. Dół rampy to pozycja, w której energia potencjalna wynosi zero, a energia kinetyczna jest równa całkowitej energii mechanicznej łyżwiarza. Ta pozycja nazywana jest pozycją równowagi.

Ten tekst jest adaptacją <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/8-4-potential-energy-diagrams- i-stabilność">Openstax, University Physics, tom 1, sekcja 8.4: Diagramy energii potencjalnej i stabilność</a>.

Diagramy energetyczne - I

Dynamikę układu mechanicznego można łatwo zrozumieć, interpretując diagram energii potencjalnej. Ponieważ energia jest wielkością skalarną, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Fizyka

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Potential Energy and Energy Conservation

Energia potencjalna i zasada zachowania energii

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

potential energy diagrams and stability

Potential energy diagrams help describe how a mechanical system moves. Because energy is a scalar quantity, the system’s behavior is easier to interpret from the diagram. A skater on a parabolic ramp is a clear example. The ramp height changes with horizontal position, so the potential energy changes as well.

As the skater moves down from the highest point, potential energy changes into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The net force on the skater is gravitational force, so the skater’s total mechanical energy stays constant and is conserved. At any position on the ramp, the total mechanical energy equals the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.

The skater moves back and forth between two points that are symmetric about the bottom of the ramp. At these two positions, the potential energies are equal and equal to the total mechanical energy. The kinetic energy is zero at both points. These are the returning points, because the skater will always move toward the bottom from them.

The bottom of the ramp is the equilibrium position. There, the potential energy is zero and the kinetic energy equals the skater’s total mechanical energy. This makes the ramp a simple model for reading potential energy diagrams and understanding stability.

Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability

gravitational potential energy

Gravitational Energy from Height and Weight

Gravitational potential energy depends on an object’s weight and its height above the ground. It is one part of the total potential energy of a system, which comes from the interactions between objects. In a system, the total potential energy is the sum of the potential energies for all the objects. Potential energy is usually grouped into two main categories: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Gravitational potential energy describes the energy tied to a body’s...

elastic potential energy

Spring Force and Stored Energy

Elastic potential energy is stored when an elastic object is deformed, such as when a spring is stretched. An object is elastic if it returns to its original shape and size after the force is removed. This stored energy is part of a system’s potential energy. An ideal spring also exerts an elastic force. The work done by this force can be described as a change in the spring’s elastic potential energy. For a perfectly elastic spring in one dimension, that work depends only on the spring...

conservation of mechanical energy

Mechanical Energy in Isolated Systems

Mechanical energy in an isolated system is the total of kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and potential energy is stored energy. The transcript focuses on what happens when energy shifts within a system without outside influence. In this case, only conservative forces act on the objects in the system. Conservative forces can transfer energy between kinetic energy and potential energy. Friction and drag do not act here, and no external force from...

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work done on a system by external force

External Work, Energy, and Thermal Loss

External work on a system can change its energy in more than one way. For a single particle, work done by an external force changes kinetic energy. For a system of interacting particles, internal forces also matter, and potential energy helps describe their effect. The net work done by an external force can be written as the total change in mechanical energy. Mechanical energy includes both kinetic energy and potential energy. When the system gains or loses this energy, the work expression...

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conservative forces

Conservative Forces and Path Independence

Conservative forces are forces for which the work done depends only on the starting and ending points. In this case, the work is path independent. That means the total energy of the system, including kinetic energy and potential energy, stays conserved during the change. This idea follows the law of conservation of energy. When energy shifts between kinetic and potential forms, the total amount remains the same. Because the work is completely reversible, an object can start and stop at any two...

non-conservative forces

Friction and Energy Loss in Motion

Non-conservative forces, such as friction and air resistance, remove energy from a system as it moves. The energy is not stored as potential energy. Instead, it is lost from the system and cannot be used later for useful work. These forces are path-dependent, which means the route matters. Where an object starts and stops can change the work done. A grinding wheel is one example, because the work depends on how many rotations the wheel makes. Non-conservative forces also turn large-scale...

conservation of energy

Energy Changes in a Closed System

Energy changes in a closed system follow a conservation law in physics. A conserved quantity is not the same as the everyday use of the word "conserved." In science, a conserved quantity stays constant, or it changes by a definite amount that is transferred to another system and converted into another form of the same quantity. This means a conserved quantity can change form, but it cannot be created or destroyed in a strict physical sense. For that reason, physics does not have a law of...

conservation of energy: application

Energy Conservation Problem-Solving Steps

Energy conservation problem-solving uses a clear set of steps. First, identify the system you want to study. In many cases, that system includes more than one body at the same time. Next, identify the forces acting on the object and decide whether each force is conservative. A conservative force is one whose work can be described with potential energy. If a non-conservative force such as friction does work, then mechanical energy is not conserved, and the system must be analyzed with...

force and potential energy in one dimension

force-and-potential-energy-in-one-dimension

Finding Force from Potential Energy

Force can be found from potential energy when the energy is written as a function of position. For a conservative force, the force component in a given direction equals the negative derivative of the matching potential energy with respect to displacement. This means force and the slope of potential energy have opposite signs. Where potential energy changes quickly with displacement, the force and the work done are largest. When a force acts along the positive coordinate axis, potential energy...

force and potential energy in three dimensions

force-and-potential-energy-in-three-dimensions

Gradient Force from 3D Potential Energy

Gradient force from 3D potential energy shows how a conservative force changes along the x, y, and z axes. The potential energy function U depends on all three spatial coordinates. Each force component is linked to how U changes with position along one coordinate. In one dimension, force can be written as the negative ratio of the change in potential energy to the displacement along that axis. For very small displacements, these ratios become derivatives. When a function has several variables,...

energy diagrams - i

Potential energy diagrams help describe how a mechanical system moves. Because energy is a scalar quantity, the system’s behavior is easier to interpret from the diagram. A skater on a parabolic ramp is a clear example. The ramp height changes with horizontal position, so the potential energy changes as well. As the skater moves down from the highest point, potential energy changes into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The net force on the skater is gravitational force,...

energy diagrams - ii

Stability in Potential Energy Diagrams

Potential energy diagrams show how stable a system is at different positions. Their shape, or topology, helps identify equilibrium points. An equilibrium point is a place where the system can stay in balance because the net force is zero. At a local minimum, the potential energy is lowest. The system tends to remain there unless a net force acts on it. The slope at the minimum is zero. The slope is positive on both sides, so the force acts as a restoring force and pushes the system back. A...

key terms and concepts

Learn how a skater on a parabolic ramp shows potential energy, kinetic energy, returning points, equilibrium, and conserved mechanical energy.

Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Physical Science

3.2.9-12.S

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

HS-PS3-4

HS-PS3-5

Tennessee Academic Standards

PHYS.PS3.3

PHYS.PS3.8

CHEM1.PS3.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PH.4

PH.4.b

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.PS.1.1

9-12.P.2.3.b

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

PHYS.7

PHYS.7.C

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Energy

HS-PS3-2.

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-PS3-2

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.&#160; The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Types of Potential Energy

Potential energy is also known as energy at rest or stored energy. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy stored in ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy is not just a property of each object, but also a property of the interactions between objects in a chosen system. For each type of ...

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored as a result of the deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring. An object is ...

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy E of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and the kinetic energy K of the objects within it. What happens to this ...

Conservative Forces

According to the law of conservation of energy, any transition between kinetic and potential energy conserves the total energy of the system. Hence, the ...

Non-conservative Forces

Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away from a system as it progresses. Unlike ...

Conservation of Energy

The terms &#39;conserved quantity&#39;&#160;and &#39;conservation law&#39;&#160;have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the ...

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

Use models to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the kinetic and potential energy in a system.

PS.Phy.6.1

Work

Work is done when energy is transferred from one object to another. In other words, work is when a force acts on something that undergoes a displacement ...

Positive, Negative, and Zero Work

Work is done on an object when energy is transferred to the object. In other words, work is done when a force acts on a body that undergoes a displacement ...

Work-energy Theorem

According to Newton&#x2019;s second law of motion, the sum of all the forces acting on a particle (net force) determines the rate of change in the ...

Work and Energy for Variable Forces

When an object is acted upon by a variable force, the amount of work done and the change in energy of the object can be more complex to calculate compared ...

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work-energy-theorem-for-motion-along-a-curve

Work-Energy Theorem for Motion Along a Curve

The work-energy theorem can be generalized to the motion of a particle along any curved path. The simple argument here is that the curved path can be ...

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Work Done Over an Inclined Plane

The center-of-mass framework helps to easily describe the work done on rigid bodies. Since the internal forces in a rigid body do no work, they can be ...

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Work Done by Many Forces

The total work done on an object acted upon by multiple forces can be computed using two methods that give the same result. In one method, the work done ...

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Work Done by Gravity

Gravitation is one of the four fundamental forces in nature. The force between objects on Earth and Earth itself is called gravity.
Like other forces, ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14750.jpg

Power

The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its ...

Power Expended by a Constant Force

The relationship between work done and the time taken to do it can be explained using the concept of power. For example, several sprinters in a race may ...

Force and Potential Energy in One Dimension

Force can be calculated from the expression for potential energy, which is a function of position. The component of a conservative force, in a particular ...

Force and Potential Energy in Three Dimensions

Consider a particle moving under the action of a conservative force that has components along each coordinate axis. Each component of force is a function ...

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the ...

Energy Diagrams - II

Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the ...

Analyze and interpret data to qualitatively and quantitatively explain the relationship among work, power, and energy.

Understand the relationship among work, energy, and power.

Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability

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