Name: circuit gain and phase shift
Uploaded: 2024-07-08T13:20:02.000Z
Duration: 1 min 15 s
Channel: JoVE

W systemach komunikacyjnych wzmocnienie określa ilościowo zakres wzmocnienia lub tłumienia sygnału.
Przyrost mocy oznacza wspólny logarytm stosunku mocy wyjściowej do mocy wejściowej i jest wyrażony w belach.
Do pomiarów praktycznych powszechnie stosuje się decybele. Jest to podjednostka odpowiadająca jednej dziesiątej bela.
Weźmy pod uwagę sieć z napięciami wejściowymi i wyjściowymi oraz rezystancjami. Jeśli moc wyjściowa jest równa mocy wejściowej w tej sieci, wzmocnienie wynosi zero decybeli.
Gdy moc wyjściowa staje się dwukrotnie większa niż moc wejściowa, wzmocnienie wynosi trzy decybele. I odwrotnie, jeśli moc wyjściowa spadnie do połowy mocy wejściowej, wzmocnienie wynosi minus trzy decybele.
Alternatywnie moc można przedstawić za pomocą napięcia i rezystancji.
Zasady logarytmów są stosowane w celu uzyskania wyrażenia przyrostu mocy pod względem współczynników napięcia i rezystancji.
Gdy rezystancja wejściowa jest równa rezystancji obciążenia, wzmocnienie staje się proporcjonalne do stosunku napięcia wyjściowego i wejściowego.
Podobnie wzmocnienie można przedstawić pod względem współczynników prądu i oporu.

odpowiedź na częstotliwość

Wzmocnienie i przesunięcie fazowe to właściwości obwodów liniowych opisujące wpływ obwodu na sinusoidalne napięcie lub prąd wejściowy. Zachowanie obwodu zawierającego elementy reaktywne będzie zależeć od częstotliwości sinusoidy wejściowej. W rezultacie zaobserwowano, że wzmocnienie i przesunięcie fazowe będą funkcjami częstotliwości.

Załóżmy, że V_in jest wejściem, a V_out sygnałem wyjściowym obwodu.

<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15139/15139_Equation_1.svg" style="height: 20px;">
<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/15139/15139_Equation_2.svg" style="height: 16px;">

Sygnały wejściowe i wyjściowe mają amplitudę A i B oraz kąt fazowy odpowiednio 0° i θ°.

Wzmocnienie obwodu daje zależność między rozmiarami sinusoid wejściowych i wyjściowych. W szczególności wzmocnienie (K) jest stosunkiem amplitudy sinusoidy wyjściowej do amplitudy sinusoidy wejściowej.

<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/15139/15139_Equation_3.svg" style="height: 28px;">

Gdy wzmocnienie K jest większe od jedności, oznacza to wzmocnienie, natomiast wzmocnienie mniejsze niż jedność oznacza tłumienie. Wzmocnienie opisuje się za pomocą skali logarytmicznej. Wzmocnienie wyrażone w decybelach (dB) zapewnia wygodny sposób przedstawiania bardzo dużych i bardzo małych liczb w tej samej skali. Zysk w decybelach oblicza się za pomocą wzoru:

<img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/15139/15139_Equation_4.svg" style="height: 15px;">

Gdzie:

dB to wzmocnienie w decybelach,

K jest zyskiem,

log to logarytm o podstawie 10.

Przesunięcie fazowe:

Przesunięcie fazowe odnosi się do wielkości, o jaką faza sygnału wyjściowego jest opóźniona lub przyspieszona w porównaniu z fazą sygnału wejściowego. Jest to różnica kątowa pomiędzy sinusoidą wyjściową i wejściową. Sygnał wejściowy i wyjściowy ma kąt fazowy odpowiednio 0° i θ°, wówczas przesunięcie fazowe (przesunięcie_θ) jest określone wzorem:

<img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/15139/15139_Equation_5.svg" style="height: 18px;">

Dodatnie przesunięcie_θ wskazuje, że sygnał wyjściowy jest opóźniony w stosunku do sygnału wejściowego, natomiast ujemne oznacza, że sygnał wyjściowy wyprzedza sygnał wejściowy.

Odpowiedź na częstotliwość

W systemach komunikacyjnych wzmocnienie określa ilościowo zakres wzmocnienia lub tłumienia sygnału.
Przyrost mocy oznacza wspólny logarytm stosunku ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Elektrotechnika

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Frequency Response

Charakterystyka częstotliwościowa

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KLUCZOWE TERMINY I POJĘCIA

Gain

circuit gain and phase shift

Circuit gain and phase shift describe how a linear circuit changes a sinusoidal input voltage or current. These properties matter in circuits with reactive elements, because the response depends on the input frequency. As the frequency changes, the gain and phase shift also change.

Gain compares the size of the output sinusoid to the size of the input sinusoid. If Vin is the input and Vout is the output, the gain K is the ratio of the output amplitude to the input amplitude. A gain greater than one means the circuit amplifies the signal, while a gain less than one means the circuit attenuates it.

Gain is often written on a logarithmic scale. When gain is expressed in decibels, or dB, it gives a practical way to show very large and very small values on the same scale. The dB value is found from the gain K using a base-10 logarithm.

Phase shift describes how much the output waveform is delayed or advanced compared with the input waveform. It is the angular difference between the input and output sinusoids. If the input has a phase angle of 0° and the output has a phase angle of θ°, then the phase shift is θ shift.

A positive phase shift means the output lags behind the input. A negative phase shift means the output leads the input. Together, gain and phase shift show both the size change and the timing change caused by a linear circuit.

Circuit Gain and Phase Shift

network function of a circuit

How Transfer Functions Shape Circuit Response

Transfer functions show how a circuit responds as signal frequency changes. They describe the link between input and output in frequency response analysis. This makes them useful for studying how circuits behave in electronics and engineering. A transfer function is a mathematical tool that relates phasor output to phasor input. It can be written as voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, or transfer admittance. The poles and zeros are the most important parts of the function. Zeros...

frequency response of a circuit

Inductive Circuit Frequency Response

Inductive circuit frequency response shows how a circuit with an inductor reacts to different frequencies. The analysis starts in the time domain and then moves into the frequency domain. In that step, the inductor is replaced by an impedance, and the circuit is written with phasors, which are sinusoidal signals shown with magnitude and phase. The transfer function describes how the output changes compared with the input at each frequency. A key parameter is the time constant, which is the...

gain

Circuit gain and phase shift describe how a linear circuit changes a sinusoidal input voltage or current. These properties matter in circuits with reactive elements, because the response depends on the input frequency. As the frequency changes, the gain and phase shift also change. Gain compares the size of the output sinusoid to the size of the input sinusoid. If Vin is the input and Vout is the output, the gain K is the ratio of the output amplitude to the input amplitude. A gain greater...

bode plots

Reading Frequency Response on Bode Plots

Bode plots show how a circuit or system responds across frequency. They use a logarithmic frequency scale on the x-axis and gain in decibels on the y-axis. This format makes it easier to display a wide range of frequencies and to see how circuit parts affect behavior over that range. A network function gives the ratio of output to input for a system. Its complex form provides both magnitude and phase angle. The logarithmic gain on a Bode plot comes from the magnitude, calculated by multiplying...

transfer function and bode plots-i

Transfer Function Gain and Origin Effects

Transfer function gain and poles or zeros at the origin shape a system's Bode plot. The transfer function is often written in standard form after the polynomial coefficients are normalized. In that form, the constant gain, zeros, poles, and quadratic terms all appear clearly. The poles and zeros mark critical frequencies where the output magnitude and phase change noticeably. The constant gain K creates a fixed magnitude and phase term. Its magnitude is 20 log 10 K in decibels, and its phase...

transfer function and bode plots-ii

Bode Plot Slope and Phase Changes

Bode plots show how a transfer function changes with frequency. The standard form includes constant gain, poles and zeros at the origin, simple poles and zeros, and quadratic poles and zeros. Each part shapes the system response in a different way. A simple zero sets the magnitude trend first. The Bode magnitude plot stays flat at low frequencies, near 0 dB, and then rises at 20 dB per decade after the corner or break frequency, ω1. That corner frequency is where the straight-line...

bode plots construction

Reading Frequency Response with Bode Plots

Bode plots show the frequency response of a system with a magnitude plot and a phase plot. Both plots use a logarithmic frequency axis. In control system analysis, this makes it easier to see how a transfer function changes with frequency. To build a Bode plot, start with the transfer function H(ω). After normalization, the function includes constant gain, zeros, and poles. Each term affects the plot in a different way. A constant gain of 10 gives a starting magnitude of 20 dB, since 20...

series resonance

Series Resonance in RLC Circuits

Series resonance in an RLC circuit happens when the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal. An RLC circuit contains a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor. The impedance of the circuit is the ratio of the supply voltage to the circuit current. At resonance, the imaginary part of the impedance becomes zero. The frequency at which this occurs is called the resonant frequency. It depends on the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) of the circuit. Mathematically, the resonant...

characteristics of series resonant circuit

characteristics-of-series-resonant-circuit

Series Resonance and RLC Filter Behavior

Series resonance in an RLC circuit happens when the inductor, capacitor, and resistor are connected in series. At the resonant frequency, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal in size but opposite in sign, so they cancel each other. As a result, the circuit impedance becomes very small and is mainly set by the resistance. The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit can be calculated from its inductance and capacitance. At this frequency, the current reaches its maximum...

parallel resonance

Parallel RLC Tuning at Resonance

A parallel RLC circuit uses a resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected to the same nodes. Because they share the same voltage, the circuit is analyzed with admittance, which describes how easily current can flow. In a parallel RLC circuit, admittance helps show how the circuit responds as the frequency changes. Resonance happens when the net reactance is zero. At that point, the capacitive and inductive effects cancel each other out. The resonant frequency is found from this condition. At...

frequency response of op amp circuits

Op Amp Gain and Bode Plot Basics

Operational amplifiers are used for signal conditioning, filtering, and mathematical tasks such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. Their frequency response shows how amplifier gain changes as the input frequency changes. This makes the gain of an op-amp a key idea in circuit design. At low frequencies, an op-amp can hold a constant gain called the dc gain, A0. As frequency rises, the gain starts to drop after the corner frequency, or break frequency, ω1. In other...

passive filters

Audio Frequency Control with Passive Filters

Passive filters shape the frequency spectrum of electrical signals. They use only passive parts such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Because they do not need an external power source, they can let selected frequency ranges pass or block others in many applications. Low-pass filters pass signals below the cutoff frequency, ωc, and reduce signals above it. In audio systems, they can send bass frequencies to woofers or subwoofers. For an RC low-pass filter, the transfer function H(s)...

active filters

Active Filter Design and Frequency Response

Active filters use op-amps, resistors, and capacitors to shape a signal's frequency response. They remove unwanted frequency components while keeping the parts of the signal that are needed. The design depends on the choice of resistor and capacitor values, which set the cutoff points and help define the overall response. A first-order low-pass active filter passes signals below a cutoff frequency and reduces signals above it. Its transfer function includes the low-frequency gain, also called...

scaling

Circuit Component Scaling for Filters

Circuit component scaling helps turn simple circuit values into practical ones for filter design and circuit analysis. Engineers often start with standard values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad because they make examples and problems easier to work through. Later, those values can be scaled to more realistic levels. This method is useful in filters, resonant circuits, and many other circuit analysis problems. It reduces calculation complexity while keeping the circuit behavior easy to study.

design example

Touch-Tone Filter Design Example

Touch-tone telephony uses dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling and a filter design example to show how keypad tones are separated. It replaced the old rotary dial with a matrix-style keypad arranged in four rows and three columns. Each of the 12 buttons produces a unique signal pair. Every key press creates two sinusoidal tones at the same time. One tone comes from a low-frequency group between 697 and 941 Hz. The other comes from a high-frequency group between 1209 and 1477 Hz. This...

key terms and concepts

Learn how linear circuits change sinusoidal signals through gain and phase shift, including amplitude ratio, decibels, and lag or lead.

Circuit Gain and Phase Shift | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Circuit Gain and Phase Shift

Description

Transcript

Tags