Name: nervous system parts and control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is a Nervous System?

O sistema nervoso permite a uma pessoa detectar o mundo exterior e dar respostas apropriadas a ele. 
Além disso, ele controla funções indo da respiração ao raciocínio avançado. 
Este sistema está dividido em duas partes, os sistema nervoso central, ou SNC, que contém o cérebro e medula espinhal, e o sistema nervoso periférico, o SNP, que inclui os nervos que passam entre o SNC e o resto do corpo. 
O corpo está subdividido em áreas que têm funções diferentes como processar informações visuais ou coordenar movimentos. 
Mas também está altamente interligado permitindo a integração da informação. 
Como o restante do sistema nervoso, o cérebro é composto de neurônios, células que geram e transmitem sinais neurológicos e glia, células que ajudam o funcionamento neurológico. 
Abaixo do cérebro está a medula espinhal, tecido dos SNC que se estende pelo canal vertebral. 
Ele facilita a sinalização entre o cérebro e o SNP e também controla algumas funções básicas como os reflexos. 
No SNP, os nervos, feixes de axônios dos neurônios, transmitem instruções aos músculos esqueléticos para controlar os movimentos e aos órgão internos para regular funções autônomas, como a digestão. 
Os nervos também carregam informações sensoriais de células receptoras, como as da pele que detectam o toque no SNC para análise.

Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, Lawrence C. Katz, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara e S. Mark Williams. "Sistemas Neurais." Neurociência. 2ª Edição, 2001. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11061/" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

o que é o sistema nervoso?

<h4>Visão Geral</h4>
 
 O sistema nervoso é o conjunto de células especializadas responsáveis pela manutenção do ambiente interno de um organismo e coordenação da interação de um organismo com o mundo externo—desde o controlo de funções essenciais, como a frequência cardíaca e a respiração até ao movimento necessário para fugir ao perigo.
 
 <h4>Partes do Sistema Nervoso</h4>
 
 O sistema nervoso de vertebrados é dividido em duas partes principais: o sistema nervoso central (SNC) e o sistema nervoso periférico (PNS). O CNS inclui o cérebro, a medula espinhal e a retina—o tecido sensorial do sistema visual. O PNS contém as células receptoras sensoriais para todos os outros sistemas sensoriais—como os receptores de toque na pele—bem como os nervos que carregam informações entre o CNS e o resto do corpo. Além disso, parte do CNS e do PNS contribuem para o sistema nervoso autónomo (também conhecido como sistema motor visceral). O sistema nervoso autónomo controla músculos lisos, músculos cardíacos e glândulas que regem ações involuntárias, como a digestão.
 
 O cérebro de vertebrados é dividido principalmente no telencéfalo, cerebelo e tronco cerebral. O telencéfalo é a maior parte anterior do cérebro que é dividida em hemisférios esquerdo e direito. Cada hemisfério é ainda dividido em quatro lóbulos: frontal, parietal, occipital e temporal. A camada mais externa do telencéfalo é chamada de córtex e está envolvida no processamento de informações sensoriais complexas e na maioria das funções cognitivas. Mais fundo no interior do cérebro estão outros componentes críticos, incluindo o hipocampo, hipotálamo, tálamo e gânglios basais. O cerebelo (o “pequeno cérebro”) está localizado posteriormente e abaixo do telencéfalo e é responsável por coordenar o movimento muscular. O tronco cerebral liga o cérebro à medula espinhal e tem centros importantes para funções vitais, como respirar e engolir.
 
 A medula espinhal está abaixo do cérebro e é contínua com o tronco cerebral. Contém corpos de células neuronais e feixes de axónios que ligam o cérebro e diferentes partes do corpo. Além de ser um canal crítico de informação, a medula espinhal pode realizar algumas funções sem sinais do cérebro, como a locomoção e outros reflexos. Os nervos do PNS levam comandos motores do CNS para os músculos, e informações sensoriais das células receptoras para o CNS para interpretação. Além do movimento dos músculos esqueléticos, os nervos regulam a atividade de órgãos internos, como os pulmões e intestinos, através das divisões simpáticas e parassimpáticas do sistema nervoso autónomo.
 
 <h4>Células do Sistema Nervoso</h4>
 
 Dois tipos de células principais compõem o sistema nervoso: neurónios e células da glia. Os neurónios são os pesos pesados do CNS—eles são responsáveis por comunicarem uns com os outros e levar informações para frente e para trás do sistema nervoso para o resto do corpo. Estima-se que o cérebro humano contenha cerca de 100 mil milhões de neurónios e impressionantes 100 triliões de conexões entre eles. Eles existem em muitas morfologias diferentes e realizam uma ampla gama de funções. Os neurónios usam uma matriz de neuroquímicos e iões para se comunicarem através de junções chamadas sinapses.
 
 O outro tipo principal de células do sistema nervoso faz parte de um grupo chamado células da glia. Elas incluem um grupo diversificado de células que contribuem para a função dos neurónios e igualam mais ou menos o número de neurónios no cérebro. Os principais tipos de células da glia incluem astrócitos, microglia, oligodendrócitos e células ependimais no CNS; Células de Schwann e células satélite são encontradas no PNS.
 
 <h4>A Saúde Mental é uma Preocupação Global</h4>
 
 O sistema nervoso rege praticamente todas as experiências que temos, e a sua disrupção devido a traumas, doenças, genética ou exposição a produtos químicos nocivos pode ter impactos severos na saúde e na qualidade de vida. As condições de saúde mental decorrentes de tais efeitos são notavelmente comuns em todo o mundo. O aumento da nossa compreensão de distúrbios neurológicos e neurodesenvolvimentais continua a fornecer tratamentos e terapêuticas potenciais para muitos que sofrem de condições de saúde mental. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e os Institutos Nacionais de Saúde Mental (N.I.M.H) nos E.U.A., entre outras organizações, fornecem recursos valiosos para estudar essas condições e acompanhar o seu impacto na sociedade.

O que é o Sistema Nervoso?

Visão geral

O sistema nervoso é o conjunto de células especializadas responsáveis por manter o ambiente interno de um organismo e coordenar ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Human Biology

Biologia Humana

Nervous System

Sistema Nervoso

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

nervous system parts and control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger.

In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The PNS includes sensory receptor cells for the other sensory systems, such as touch receptors in the skin, and the nerves that carry information between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Part of both the CNS and PNS also contributes to the autonomic nervous system, also called the visceral motor system. This system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It helps govern involuntary actions such as digestion.

The vertebrate brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest and most anterior part of the brain. It has left and right hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The outer layer of the cerebrum is the cortex, which processes complex sensory information and many cognitive functions. Deeper brain regions include the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia.

The cerebellum, sometimes called the little brain, sits behind and below the cerebrum. It helps coordinate muscle movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains important centers for vital functions such as breathing and swallowing. The spinal cord lies below the brain and continues from the brainstem. It contains neuronal cell bodies and axon bundles that connect the brain with the body. It can also carry out some functions without input from the brain, including locomotion and other reflexes.

Nerves in the PNS carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and sensory information from receptor cells back to the CNS for interpretation. They also help regulate internal organs such as the lungs and intestines through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Two main cell types make up the nervous system: neurons and glial cells. Neurons carry information between nervous system regions and between the nervous system and the rest of the body. The human brain is estimated to contain about 100 billion neurons and about 100 trillion connections between them. Neurons come in many shapes and use neurochemicals and ions to communicate at synapses, which are junctions between cells.

Glial cells are the other major cell type. They support neuron function and are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. Major glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. In the PNS, Schwann cells and satellite cells perform related support roles.

Because the nervous system affects nearly every experience, damage from trauma, disease, genetics, or harmful chemicals can strongly affect health and quality of life. Problems in this system are linked to many mental health conditions around the world. Research on neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders continues to guide possible treatments and therapies. Organizations such as the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Mental Health help study these conditions and track their impact on society.

Nervous System Parts and Control

what is a nervous system?

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized system of blood vessels that helps control what enters the brain. It delivers nutrients from the blood while tightly regulating ions, molecules, pathogens, and other substances. This semipermeable barrier protects the brain and also makes it harder to deliver some therapies. The blood-brain barrier includes several cellular parts, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes. These cells share a common basement membrane and regulate movement between the...

neuron structure

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through a clear set of structures that let them receive, process, and pass on information. They are the main cells of the nervous system and use electrochemical signals to communicate. Neurons also talk to other cells through neurotransmitters at junctions called synapses. Most neurons share three main parts: a cell body, also called the soma, dendrites, and an axon. The soma holds the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function. Dendrites usually receive...

glial cells

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized,...

action potentials

How Nerve Signals Travel in Axons

Neurons send signals through action potentials, the rapid electrical changes that move along the axon. These signals lead to neurotransmitter release at axon terminals, which passes information through the nervous system. An action potential is an all-or-none change in membrane potential, the voltage across a cell membrane. A neuron usually has a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts. When it receives signals from neurotransmitters or sensory input, the membrane can become more...

the resting membrane potential

How Neurons Keep a Negative Resting Charge

Neurons keep a negative resting charge across their membrane. This electrical difference, called the membrane potential, comes from how ions move and how the membrane lets them pass. In a resting neuron, the inside is typically around -70 millivolts and is more negative than the outside, so the cell is polarized. Two main factors create this resting state. First, the membrane is selectively permeable, which means most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help from ion...

long-term potentiation

Synaptic Strengthening in Learning and Memory

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a form of synaptic strengthening in the brain. It changes the strength of chemical synapses over time between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. LTP works against long-term depression, or LTD, which weakens synapses. Together, LTP and LTD are major mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTP can happen when a presynaptic neuron fires again and again and keeps stimulating a postsynaptic neuron. This is called Hebbian LTP, based on Donald Hebb’s idea that neurons...

long-term depression

Synaptic Pruning in Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is a form of synaptic plasticity that weakens chemical synapses over time. It acts between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation, or LTP, which strengthens synapses. Together, LTD and LTP are two of the main mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTD helps the brain avoid staying locked in a fully strengthened state. If synapses were always maximally strengthened, the brain would become less efficient and it would...

the synapse

How Neurons Signal at Synapses

Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nervous system is organized, how neurons and glial cells work, and how the brain, spinal cord, and nerves control body functions.

Nervous System Parts and Control | JoVE K12

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A coleção JoVE Core dá vida à biologia através de mais de 300 vídeos de animação concisos e fáceis de entender que explicam conceitos-chave de biologia, além de mais de 150 vídeos de Cientistas em ação que mostram experimentos reais em pesquisa realizados nos laboratórios atualmente.

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Characteristics of Life

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
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What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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The Central Dogma

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RNA Structure

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Protein Families

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Conservation of Protein Domains

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Protein-Protein Interfaces

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Conserved Binding Sites

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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

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Overview of Human Digestion

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Accessory Organs

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Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific ...

Protein Digestion

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

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Fertilization

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An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

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Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
Conditions in the external environment of an organism can change rapidly and drastically. To survive, organisms must maintain a fairly ...

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart ...

Measuring Blood Pressure
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Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
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Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The ...

What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Blood collection is a common requirement for ...

Kidney Structure

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Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
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What is the Immune System?

Overview

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Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain ...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Nervous System Parts and Control

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