Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

O sistema nervoso parassimpático restaura o corpo em tempos calmos quando não há ameaças e é frequentemente chamado de repouso e sistema digestivo. É uma das principais divisões do sistema nervoso autónomo que controla funções involuntárias regulando a atividade do músculo liso em órgãos viscerais, do músculo cardíaco no coração, e certas glândulas, como as glândulas salivares. Quando o sistema nervoso parassimpático é ativado, sinais de neurónios pré-ganglionar no tronco cerebral e na parte sacral da coluna vertebral são enviados para os gânglios, aglomerados de corpos celulares neuronais no sistema nervoso periférico perto dos órgãos ou glândulas sendo controladas.Aqui, a mensagem é transmitida para neurónios pós-ganglionares que normalmente usam o neurotransmissor acetilcolina para regular a atividade dos tecidos-alvo. Por exemplo, eles diminuem o ritmo cardíaco, relaxando o corpo, e estimulando a contração muscular nos intestinos e na bexiga, promovendo a digestão e a excreção. Como resultado, o sistema parassimpático ajuda a reconstruir os estoques de energia e manter a homeostase nos momentos em que o corpo consegue descansar.e aos órgãos internos para regular funções autônomas como a digestão. Os nervos também carregam informações sensoriais das células recetoras como aquelas na pele que detetam toque ao SNC para análise.

Stewart, Julian M. "Síndromes Comuns de Intolerância Ortostática". Pediatria 131, nº 5 (maio de 2013): 968–80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

o sistema nervoso parassimpático

<h4>Visão Geral</h4>
 
 O sistema nervoso parassimpático é uma das duas maiores divisões do sistema nervoso autónomo. Este sistema parassimpático é responsável por regular muitas funções inconscientes, como frequência cardíaca e digestão. É composto por neurónios localizados no cérebro e no sistema nervoso periférico que enviam os seus axónios para chegarem a músculos, órgãos e glândulas.
 
 <h4>O Sistema de “Descanso e Digestão”</h4>
 
 A ativação do sistema parassimpático tende a ter um efeito relaxante no corpo, promovendo funções que repõem recursos e restauram a homeostase. É, portanto, às vezes referido como o sistema de “descanso e digestão”. O sistema parassimpático predomina em tempos calmos, quando é seguro dedicar recursos a funções básicas de “limpeza” sem ameaça de ataque ou dano.
 
 <h4>Controlo do Sistema Parassimpático</h4>
 
 O sistema nervoso parassimpático pode ser ativado por várias partes do cérebro, incluindo o hipotálamo. Neurónios pré-ganglionares no tronco cerebral e na parte sacral da medula espinhal enviam primeiro os seus axónios para gânglios—aglomerados de corpos celulares neuronais—no sistema nervoso periférico. Esses gânglios contêm as conexões entre neurónios pré- e pós-ganglionares e estão localizados perto dos órgãos ou glândulas que controlam. A partir daqui, os neurónios pós-ganglionares enviam os seus axónios para os tecidos alvo—geralmente músculo liso, músculo cardíaco ou glândulas. Normalmente, o neurotransmissor acetilcolina é usado para regular a atividade desses alvos.
 
 A ativação do sistema parassimpático causa uma variedade de efeitos no corpo. Reduz a frequência cardíaca e faz com que as pupilas se contraiam—levando o corpo a um estado mais relaxado. Também estimula a digestão e a excreção—por exemplo, promovendo a salivação, contrações peristálticas no estômago e intestinos, e contração da bexiga para expelir urina. Ele ajuda a repor o stock de energia fazendo com que o pâncreas secrete mais insulina. Por fim, promove até a reprodução aumentando o fluxo sanguíneo para os genitais.
 
 <h4>Estar de Pé</h4>
 
 O controlo da frequência cardíaca e do fluxo sanguíneo é essencial até mesmo para tarefas mundanas, como levantar. Pessoas que sofrem de intolerância ortostática (OI) podem experimentar tonturas crónicas e desmaios pelo simples ato de ficarem em uma postura vertical, chamada ortoestase. O sistema nervoso autónomo controla as mudanças necessárias na vasculatura e a frequência cardíaca quando nos envolvemos em orteostase. Em particular, o sistema parassimpático é responsável pelos sinais que permitem a vasodilatação—o relaxamento dos músculos ao redor do revestimento dos vasos sanguíneos—das artérias cerebrais. Sinalização inadequada pelo sistema nervoso parassimpático pode causar perda de consciência devido ao fluxo sanguíneo inadequado para o cérebro.

O Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático

Visão geral

O sistema nervoso parassimpático é uma das duas principais divisões do sistema nervoso autônomo. Este sistema parassimpático é responsável ...

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rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

what is a nervous system?

Nervous System Parts and Control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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