Name: in-group bias and scapegoating
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

In- and Out-Groups

Em um ambiente social, as pessoas geralmente se agrupam em grupos - seja com base em uma categoria como gênero ou algum interesse especial.

Essa categorização pode induzir favoritismo e conexões emocionais em relação a outros membros - separando o mundo social em "nós" versus "eles" - isto é, criando um grupo interno - a unidade específica à qual os indivíduos se identificam como pertencentes - versus um grupo externo - o conjunto de pessoas que são vistas como fundamentalmente diferentes.

Nesse caso, todos estão armados com fontes dominantes de identidade e auto-estima dentro de seu grupo, e os laços fortes podem criar preconceitos dentro do grupo - preferências pelo grupo conectado em relação a outros grupos.

À medida que os indivíduos mantêm autovisões positivas, preconceito e discriminação podem ocorrer para proteger aqueles dentro do grupo específico.

Consequentemente, o grupo interno pode culpar o grupo externo por quaisquer infortúnios que perceba. Esse conceito é chamado de bode expiatório - o ato de acusar um grupo externo quando o grupo interno experimenta qualquer aborrecimento ou suposta ameaça na realização de um resultado.

A boa notícia é que a instabilidade social pode ser reconciliada entre os grupos. Por exemplo, por meio da comunicação deliberada, o grupo interno pode reconhecer e ter empatia com as experiências do grupo externo para estimular mudanças positivas.

grupos internos e externos

Todas as pessoas pertencem a um gênero, raça, idade e grupo socioeconômico. Esses grupos fornecem uma fonte poderosa de nossa identidade e auto-estima (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) e servem como nossos grupos. Um grupo interno é um grupo com o qual nos identificamos ou nos vemos como pertencentes.

Um grupo ao qual não pertencemos, um grupo externo, é um grupo que vemos como fundamentalmente diferente de nós. Por exemplo, se você for mulher, seu grupo de gênero inclui todas as mulheres e seu grupo de exclusão de gênero inclui todos os homens. As pessoas geralmente veem os grupos de gênero como fundamentalmente diferentes uns dos outros em traços de personalidade, características, papéis sociais e interesses.

Como muitas vezes sentimos um forte sentimento de pertencimento e conexão emocional com nossos grupos, desenvolvemos um viés dentro do grupo: uma preferência por nosso próprio grupo em detrimento de outros grupos. Esse viés dentro do grupo pode resultar em preconceito e discriminação porque o grupo externo é percebido como diferente e é menos preferido do que o nosso grupo interno. Uma função do preconceito é nos ajudar a nos sentirmos bem conosco mesmos e manter um autoconceito positivo. Essa necessidade de nos sentirmos bem conosco mesmos se estende aos nossos grupos: queremos nos sentir bem e proteger nossos grupos. Procuramos resolver ameaças individualmente e em nível de grupo. Isso geralmente acontece culpando um grupo externo pelo problema. O bode expiatório é o ato de culpar um grupo externo quando o grupo interno experimenta frustração ou é impedido de obter um objetivo (Allport, 1954).

Apesar da dinâmica de grupo que parece apenas empurrar os grupos para o conflito, existem forças que promovem a reconciliação entre os grupos: a expressão da empatia, do reconhecimento do sofrimento passado de ambos os lados e a interrupção de comportamentos destrutivos.

Os gatos e coelhos neste vídeo

Os gatos e coelhos foram usados como uma metáfora aqui, representando os grupos internos e externos de sua escolha. Por exemplo, se você é um fã de esportes, talvez possa pensar em seu time contra um time adversário.   

 

Este texto foi adaptado de <a href="https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target="_blank">OpenStax, Psychology. OpenStax CNX.</a>

Grupos internos e externos

Todas as pessoas pertencem a um gênero, raça, idade e grupo socioeconômico. Esses grupos fornecem uma fonte poderosa de nossa identidade e auto-estima (Tajfel & ...

Education

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

Psicologia Social

Foundations of Social Psychology

Fundamentos da Psicologia Social

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Estereótipos, Preconceito e Discriminação

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

in-group bias and scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different.

People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males are the out-group. People may see gender groups as different in personality traits, social roles, characteristics, and interests.

Because people feel a strong sense of belonging to their in-groups, they can develop in-group bias. This is a preference for their own group over other groups. In-group bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is seen as different and is less preferred.

Prejudice can also help people maintain a positive self-concept. That need to feel good about oneself can extend to the in-group as well. When people feel threatened, they may try to protect their group. One response is scapegoating, which means blaming an out-group when the in-group is frustrated or blocked from reaching a goal.

Not all group conflict stays the same. Some forces can support reconciliation between groups. These include empathy, recognition of past suffering on both sides, and stopping destructive behavior. In this video, cats and rabbits act as a metaphor for the in-groups and out-groups people choose, such as one sports team and an opposing team.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

in- and out-groups

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different. People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males...

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

How Bias Shapes Social Group Behavior

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are ways bias can shape how people think and act toward social groups. Social groups help form identity, and people can belong to many groups at once, including gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, and profession. Differences can be hard for some people to accept, but education, contact, and relationships with other cultural groups can reduce prejudice. Even imagining a positive interaction with someone from...

stereotype content model

Warmth and Competence in Stereotypes

The Stereotype Content Model explains how people judge social groups using two main ideas: warmth and competence. Warmth means a group’s perceived intent, or whether it seems likely to help or cause harm. Competence means the group’s ability to carry out that intent. Susan Fiske and colleagues first proposed this model, and it helps show why first impressions can shape behavior toward other people. The model places stereotypes into four main categories. A group can be low in warmth and low in...

robbers cave

Robbers Cave and Group Conflict

The Robbers Cave study shows how group conflict can grow when teams are forced to compete. In the 1950s, two boys’ groups at an Oklahoma summer camp, called the Rattlers and the Eagles, entered a week-long tournament. As the competition continued, their hostility grew into name-calling, fistfights, vandalism, and damage to property. The study also showed one way to reduce that tension. Researchers used superordinate goals, which are shared goals that groups can only reach by working together.

stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

Learn how in-groups, out-groups, in-group bias, prejudice, and scapegoating shape group conflict, identity, and reconciliation in social psychology.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

social psychology

JoVE Core - Psicologia Social dá vida aos fundamentos do nosso mundo social. Por meio de 66 vídeos de animação concisos e fáceis de entender, explicamos os principais conceitos da área. Além disso, em outros 25 vídeos de Cientistas em ação demonstramos experimentos de pesquisa clássicos e originais realizados em laboratório.

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3.1.9-12.V

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

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