Name: how lipid molecules are built
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 3 min 38 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Structure of Lipids

Os lipídios são um grupo de moléculas hidrofóbicas que incluem triglicerídeos, que são utilizados para armazenar energia, e fosfolipídios, que são os principais componentes estruturais das membranas celulares. Os triglicerídeos e a maioria dos fosfolipídios consiste em glicerol e cadeias de ácidos gordos. Os ácidos gordos têm grupos de metilo numa extremidade da cadeia e grupos carboxílicos no extremo oposto.O carbono ligado ao grupo carboxil é chamado de carbono alfa, e o grupo metilo carbono é conhecido como o carbono ómega. Os ácidos gordos variam em comprimento e na presença de ligações duplas na cadeia de hidrocarboneto. Aqueles com ligações duplas são ácidos gordos insaturados e aqueles com apenas uma ligação são ácidos gordos saturados porque estão saturados com um maior número de átomos de hidrogênio possível.Os ácidos gordos frequentemente têm nomes comuns mas podem ser sistematicamente nomeados de acordo com o número de átomos de carbono e o número e posição das ligações duplas na cadeia do carbono. Existem vários métodos de numeração. A referenciação do sistema carboxil conta a posição de todas as ligações duplas do carbono carboxílico, que é numerada como 1.O sistema de referenciamento ómega conta a posição da dupla ligação mais próxima para o carbono ómega, com o ómega de carbono numerada como 1. Por exemplo, o ácido linolênico, um ácido ómega 3-gorduroso, tem 18 carbonos e obrigações duplas nas posições 9, 12, e 15 da contagem da extremidade carboxil. Isto será chamado 18:3 Δ9, 12, 15 de acordo com o sistema carboxil de referenciamento e 18:3 de acordo com o sistema ómega de referenciamento.Os ácidos gordos insaturados podem ocorrem em duas configurações:cis e trans. Na configuração cis, os hidrogénios sobre os carbonos envolvidos na dupla ligação estão no mesmo lado da ligação, enquanto na configuração trans, os hidrogênios estão localizados no lado oposto. Estruturalmente, os ácidos gordos cis têm correntes dobradas, enquanto que os ácidos gordos trans têm correntes retas.O consumo de gorduras trans tem sido considerado responsável por diversos tratamentos de doenças cardiovasculares, enquanto que o consumo de ácidos gordos cis, tais como omega-3 e omega-6, são conhecidos por serem benéficos para a saúde. Os triglicerídeos, vulgarmente conhecidas como gorduras, são utilizados principalmente para o armazenamento de energia. São compostos por três ácidos gordos ligados ao glicerol através de ligações ésteres entre a extremidade hidroxila do glicerol e as extremidades carboxílicas dos ácidos gordos resultantes na formação de uma molécula não-polar.Se todos os três ácidos gordos forem do mesmo tipo, são conhecidos como triglicerídeos simples. Se os três ácidos gordos diferirem, eles são conhecidos como triglicerídeos mistos. Outro tipo de lipídicos, fosfolipídios, é um importante característica estrutural das membranas biológicas.Têm cabeças hidrofílicas que consistem em grupos de fosfatos modificados com um grupo de álcool hidrofílico e caudas hidrofóbicas de ácidos gordos. A composição destas cabeças e caudas pode variar, resultando em diferentes tipos de lipídios da membrana. Os glicerofosfolípidos são um tipo comum de fosfolipídio que consiste em dois ácidos gordos e um grupo altamente polar anexados a cada carbono de glicerol através de ligações de éster e fosfodiesterase, respetivamente.

estrutura dos lipídios

Os lípidos incluem um grupo diverso de compostos que são amplamente não polares na natureza. Isto porque são hidrocarbonetos que incluem principalmente ligações carbono-carbono ou carbono-hidrogénio não polares. As moléculas não polares são hidrofóbicas (“temem a água”), ou insolúveis em água. Os lípidos executam muitas funções diferentes em uma célula. As células armazenam energia para o uso a longo prazo na forma de gorduras. Os lípidos também fornecem isolamento do meio ambiente para plantas e animais. Por exemplo, ajudam a manter as aves e mamíferos aquáticos secos ao formar uma camada protetora sobre peles ou penas devido à sua natureza hidrofóbica repelente de água. Os lípidos são também os blocos de construção de muitas hormonas e são um constituinte importante de todas as membranas celulares. Os lípidos incluem gorduras, óleos, ceras, fosfolípidos, e esteróides.
Estrutura Geral dos Lípidos
Uma molécula de gordura consiste em dois componentes principais—glicerol e ácidos gordos. O glicerol é um composto orgânico (álcool) com três carbonos, cinco hidrogénios, e três grupos hidroxilo (OH). Os ácidos gordos têm uma longa cadeia de hidrocarbonetos à qual está ligado um grupo carboxilo, daí o nome de “ácido gordo”. O número de carbonos nos ácidos gordos pode variar de 4 a 36. Os mais comuns são aqueles que contêm 12–18 carbonos. Em uma molécula de gordura, os ácidos gordos unem-se a cada um dos três carbonos da molécula de glicerol com uma ligação éster através de um átomo de oxigénio. A junção de três ácidos gordos a um esqueleto de glicerol em uma reação de desidratação forma triacilglicerol. Os três ácidos gordos do triacilglicerol podem ser semelhantes ou diferentes.
Um fosfolípido é outro tipo comum de lípido. É uma molécula anfipática, o que significa que tem uma parte hidrofóbica e uma hidrofílica. As cadeias de ácidos gordos são hidrofóbicas e não podem interagir com a água; enquanto isso, o grupo que contém fosfato é hidrofílico e interage com a água. Os grupos hidrofílicos da cabeça dos fosfolípidos estão voltados para a solução aquosa. As caudas hidrofóbicas estão sequestradas no meio da bicamada.
Ácidos Gordos
Os ácidos gordos podem ser saturados ou insaturados. Em uma cadeia de ácidos gordos, se houver apenas ligações simples entre os carbonos vizinhos na cadeia de hidrocarbonetos, o ácido gordo é saturado. O ácido esteárico é um exemplo de um ácido gordo saturado.
Quando a cadeia de hidrocarbonetos contém uma ligação dupla, o ácido gordo é insaturado. O ácido oleico é um exemplo de um ácido gordo insaturado. A maioria das gorduras insaturadas são líquidas à temperatura ambiente e são chamadas de óleos. Se houver uma ligação dupla na molécula, então é uma gordura monoinsaturada (por exemplo, azeite), e se houver mais de uma ligação dupla, então é uma gordura poliinsaturada (por exemplo, óleo de canola). Ácidos gordos rectos longos com ligações simples geralmente compactam-se firmemente e são sólidos à temperatura ambiente. Gorduras animais com ácido esteárico e ácido palmítico (comuns na carne) e a gordura com ácido butírico (comum na manteiga) são exemplos de gorduras saturadas.
Os ácidos gordos podem ser adicionalmente classificados em cis e trans. Cis e trans indicam a configuração da molécula em torno da ligação dupla. Se os hidrogénios estiverem presentes no mesmo plano, é uma gordura cis. Se os átomos de hidrogénio estiverem em dois planos diferentes, trata-se de uma gordura trans. A ligação dupla cis causa uma dobra ou “torção” que impede que os ácidos gordos se compactem firmemente, mantendo-os líquidos à temperatura ambiente. Azeite, óleo de milho, óleo de canola, e óleo de fígado de bacalhau são exemplos de gorduras insaturadas. As gorduras insaturadas ajudam a diminuir os níveis de colesterol no sangue; enquanto isso, as gorduras saturadas contribuem para a formação de placas nas artérias.
Gorduras Trans
A indústria alimentar hidrogena artificialmente os óleos para torná-los semi-sólidos e de uma consistência desejável para muitos produtos alimentares processados. Durante este processo, as ligações duplas da conformação cis– na cadeia de hidrocarbonetos podem converter-se em ligações duplas em conformação trans–.
Margarina, alguns tipos de manteiga de amendoim, e gordura alimentar são exemplos de gorduras trans hidrogenadas artificialmente. Estudos recentes demonstraram que um aumento de gorduras trans na dieta humana pode levar a níveis mais elevados de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), ou colesterol “mau”, o que, por sua vez, pode levar à deposição de placas nas artérias, resultando em doença cardíaca.
Ácidos Gordos Ómega
Os ácidos gordos essenciais são aqueles que o corpo humano precisa mas não sintetiza. Consequentemente, eles têm de ser suplementados por ingestão através da dieta. Os ácidos gordos ómega-3 caem nesta categoria e são um de apenas dois conhecidos pelos humanos (o outro é o ácido gordo ómega-6). Estes são ácidos gordos poliinsaturados e são ómega-3 porque uma ligação dupla liga o terceiro carbono do final da cadeia de hidrocarbonetos ao seu carbono vizinho.
O ácido alfa-linolénico é um exemplo de um ácido gordo ómega-3. Tem três ligações duplas cis e, como resultado, uma forma curva. O salmão, a truta, e o atum são fontes boas de ácidos gordos ómega-3. Estudos indicam que os ácidos gordos ómega-3 reduzem o risco de morte súbita devido a ataques cardíacos, baixam os triglicerídeos no sangue, diminuem a pressão arterial, e previnem a trombose ao inibir a coagulação sanguínea. Eles também reduzem a inflamação e podem ajudar a reduzir o risco de alguns cancros em animais.
Este texto é adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-3-lipids">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.3: Lipids</a>.

Estrutura dos Lipídios

Os lipídios incluem um grupo diversificado de compostos que são em grande parte de natureza apolar. Isso ocorre porque são hidrocarbonetos que incluem principalmente ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia Celular

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Bioquímica da Célula

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

how lipid molecules are built

Lipid molecules are built from hydrocarbon chains and a few key structural parts. Their shape helps explain why they behave differently from many other biological molecules. In high school biology, this structure is often linked to how lipids store energy and help form cell membranes.

Some lipids are made from fatty acids joined to other small molecules. Triglycerides contain glycerol and three fatty acids, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. These structural differences give each type a different role in living things.

Fatty acids can also differ from one another. Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. These bond patterns change the way lipid molecules pack together and help explain their physical properties.

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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SC.912.L.18.7

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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