Name: carbohydrate structure and bonding
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 3 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Os hidratos de carbono são compostos de carbono, hidrogénio, e oxigénio. Estas moléculas recebem o seu nome a partir da fórmula empírica de muitos monossacarídeos que têm dois átomos de hidrogénio e um átomo de oxigénio para cada carbono. OS hidratos de carbono simples são monómeros chamados monossacarídeos e dímeros chamados dissacarídeos.Os hidratos de carbono complexos são polímeros chamados polissacáridos. Um monossacarídeo pode ser classificado como uma alcalose ou uma cetose pelo seu grupo funcional. Os que têm um grupo aldeído são chamados aldoses e aqueles que têm um grupo de cetonas são chamados cetoses.Os monossacáridos contêm geralmente três a sete átomos de carbono nas suas correntes. Cada um dos carbonos pode ser numerado a partir com o número um a partir do fim mais próximo do carbono carbonilo. Os açúcares podem formar estruturas de anéis não planares e na natureza principalmente existem sob esta forma cíclica.Estruturas de anéis formam-se quando o grupo carbonilo reage com um grupo hidroxila no extremo oposto da molécula através de uma reação de condensação. O carbono ligado ao aldeído reativo ou cetona é também conhecido como o carbono anomérico. Estas estruturas de anéis de carbono-oxigénio podem existir como dois anomalias:alfa e beta.Os anómeros são isómeros estruturais que diferem na configuração do carbono carbonilo. Sob a forma alfa, o grupo hidroxila sobre o carbono anomérico e o grupo CH2OH sobre o último carbono dentro do anel estão localizados em lados opostos do anel, e, na forma beta, eles estão localizados no mesmo lado. Uma convenção semelhante é utilizada para as ligações que ligam os monossacarídeos a outras moléculas.As ligações formadas abaixo da estrutura do anel são conhecidas como ligações alfa, enquanto os que estão acima do anel são conhecidos como ligações beta. Os números no nome de ligações glicosídicas indicam os números de carbono dos monossacarídeos que estão envolvidos nas ligações. Quando dois monossacarídeos se ligam entre si através de ligações glicosídicas, formam dissacarídeos.As ligações glicosídicas são títulos covalentes que são formados quando o grupo hidroxila de um o monossacarídeo que reage com o carbono anomérico de outro monossacarídeo com a eliminação de uma molécula de água. Os polissacáridos ou carboidratos complexos são uma cadeia de monossacarídeos mantidos juntos por ligações covalentes. A variação nas ligações glicosídicas presentes nestas moléculas podem resultar em diferentes tipos de polissacáridos do mesmo monossacarídeo.As moléculas de glucose ligadas através da ligação β-1, 4-glicosídica forma a celulose, um polissacarídeo insolúvel na água As moléculas de glucose ligadas através da Ligação α-1, 4-glicosídico forma amilase, um polímero solúvel em água e um componente de amido. O amido e a celulose são polissacáridos encontrados nas plantas. O glicogénio é uma molécula hidrossolúvel feita de glicose ligada através de ligações α-1, 4-glicosídicas e ramificação intermitente através de ligações α-1, 6-glicosídicas.O glicogénio serve de polissacarídeo de armazenamento em animais.

química dos carboidratos

Os carboidratos, ou hidratos de carbono, são uma parte essencial da dieta dos seres humanos e animais. Grãos, frutas, e vegetais são fontes naturais de carboidratos que fornecem energia ao corpo, particularmente através da glicose, um açúcar simples que é um componente do amido e um ingrediente em muitos alimentos básicos. A fórmula estequiométrica (CH2O)n, onde n é o número de carbonos na molécula, representa carboidratos. Por outras palavras, a relação carbono-hidrogénio-oxigénio é de 1:2:1 em moléculas de carboidratos. Esta fórmula também explica a origem do termo “carboidrato”: os componentes são carbono (“carbo”) e água (“hidrato”). Os carboidratos podem ser classificados em simples e complexos. Os monossacarídeos e os dissacarídeos são carboidratos simples. Os polissacarídeos são carboidratos complexos.
Monossacarídeos
Os monossacarídeos são açúcares simples, sendo o mais comum a glicose. Nos monossacarídeos, o número de carbonos varia geralmente entre três e sete. Se o açúcar tiver um grupo aldeído (o grupo funcional com a estrutura R-CHO), é uma aldose, e se tiver um grupo cetona (o grupo funcional com a estrutura RC(=O)R'), é uma cetose. Dependendo do número de carbonos no açúcar, eles podem ser trioses (três carbonos), pentoses (cinco carbonos), e/ou hexoses (seis carbonos).
Galactose e frutose são outros monossacarídeos comuns. Glicose, galactose, e frutose são monossacarídeos isoméricos (hexoses), o que significa que têm a mesma fórmula química, mas têm estruturas ligeiramente diferentes. Glicose e galactose são aldoses, e frutose é uma cetose.
Os monossacarídeos podem existir como uma cadeia linear ou como moléculas em forma de anel. Em soluções aquosas, eles geralmente estão em formas de anel. A glicose em forma de anel pode ter dois arranjos diferentes do grupo hidroxilo (OH) ao redor do carbono anomérico (carbono 1 que se torna assimétrico no processo de formação do anel). Se o grupo hidroxilo estiver abaixo do carbono número 1 no açúcar, ele está na posição alfa (α), e se estiver acima do plano, está na posição beta (β).
<h4>Dissacarídeos</h4>
Os dissacarídeos formam-se quando dois monossacarídeos sofrem uma reação de desidratação (ou uma reação de condensação ou síntese de desidratação). Durante este processo, um grupo hidroxilo do monossacarídeo combina-se com o hidrogénio de outro monossacarídeo, libertando uma molécula de água e formando uma ligação covalente. Isto é chamado uma ligação glicosídica. As ligações glicosídicas podem ser do tipo alfa ou beta. Uma ligação alfa é formada quando o grupo OH no carbono-1 da primeira glicose está abaixo do plano do anel, e uma ligação beta é formada quando o grupo OH no carbono-1 está acima do plano do anel. O dissacarídeo mais comum é a sacarose, ou o açúcar de mesa, que é composto por monómeros de glicose e frutose.
<h4>Polissacarídeos</h4>
Uma longa cadeia de monossacarídeos ligados por ligações glicosídicas é um polissacarídeo. A cadeia pode ser ramificada ou não ramificada e pode conter diferentes tipos de monossacarídeos. O peso molecular pode ser igual ou superior a 100.000 daltons, dependendo do número de monómeros associados. Amido, glicogénio, celulose, e quitina são exemplos de polissacarídeos.
As plantas armazenam amido na forma de açúcares. Nas plantas, uma mistura de amilose e amilopectina (ambos polímeros de glicose) constitui estes açúcares. O amido é constituído por monómeros de glicose que estão unidos por ligações glicosídicas α 1-4 ou α 1-6. Os números 1-4 e 1-6 referem-se ao número de carbono dos dois resíduos que se juntaram para formar a ligação.
O glicogénio é a forma de armazenamento de glicose em humanos e outros vertebrados e é composto por monómeros de glicose. O glicogénio é o equivalente animal do amido e é uma molécula altamente ramificada armazenada geralmente nas células do fígado e musculares. Sempre que os níveis de glicose do sangue diminuem, o glicogénio é quebrado para libertar glicose.
A celulose é o biopolímero natural mais abundante. A celulose constitui principalmente a parede celular das plantas. Isto fornece o apoio estrutural da célula. A madeira e o papel são principalmente celulósicos em natureza. Os monómeros da glicose compreendem a celulose que as ligações glicosídicas β 1-4 unem
Este texto é adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-2-carbohydrates">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.4: Carbohydrates.</a>

Química dos Carboidratos

Os carboidratos são uma parte essencial da dieta em humanos e animais. Grãos, frutas e vegetais são fontes naturais de carboidratos que fornecem ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia Celular

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Bioquímica da Célula

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

carbohydrate structure and bonding

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions.

The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units.

The transcript also highlights how these sugar units connect through chemical bonds. These links change the size and structure of the carbohydrate molecule. That structural change is important because it affects how the molecule behaves in living systems.

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

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chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions. The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units. The...

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Explore carbohydrate structure, from monosaccharides to polysaccharides, and see how chemical bonds link sugar units into larger molecules.

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SC.912.L.18.2

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Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things.

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SC.912.L.18.3

Ligand Binding Sites

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SC.912.L.18.4

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Discuss the use of chemiosmotic gradients for ATP production in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

SC.912.L.18.5

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Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things and in human society.

SC.912.L.18.6

Photosynthesis

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Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.

SC.912.L.18.7

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

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