Name: dna and rna in cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 2 min 43 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-1

Nucleic Acids

Os ácidos nucleicos são polímeros de nucleotídeos moléculas compostas de açúcar pentose, uma base contendo azoto, e um grupo de fosfatos. Há dois tipos de ácidos nucleicos:ácido desoxirribonucleico, ADN, e ácido ribonucleico, RNA. As suas estruturas químicas diferem consoante o açúcar pentose e as bases nitrogenadas que contêm.O açúcar pentose no RNA é ribose, que tem um grupo hidroxila ligado ao carbono-2. O açúcar no ADN é desoxirribose, que tem apenas um átomo de hidrogénio, mas sem oxigénio no carbono-2. A base nitrogenada é colada ao carbono-1 e ao fosfato no carbono-5.Tanto o ARN como o ADN contêm as bases adenina, citosina, e guanina;mas o ADN tem timina, enquanto que o RNA tem uracila. No ADN e RNA, guanina e citosina formam pares de bases complementares, ligados por três ligações de hidrogénio. Adenina e timina formam pares de base no ADN enquanto os pares de adenina e uracila no RNA, ambos ligados entre si por duas ligações de hidrogénio.Várias enzimas de DNA ou RNA polimerase catalisam a polimerização de nucleotídeos. Uma ligação fosfodiesterase é formada entre um grupo hidroxila ligado ao carbono-3 e o grupo fosfato anexo ao carbono-5 do próximo nucleotídeo. Esta reação deixa um final de 5'sem ligação com um grupo de fosfato livre e um final de 3'sem ligação com um grupo hidroxila livre.Quando emparelhado com um vertente complementar, as duas moléculas são antiparalelas, que significa o fim de 5'de um pares de fios com a extremidade de 3 do outro. Os cordões são mantidos juntos por forças intermoleculares, incluindo efeitos hidrofóbicos, interações van der Waals, e as ligações de hidrogénio específicas que se formam entre as bases azotadas. O ADN é uma dupla hélice composta de duas cadeias de polinucleotídeos enroladas à volta umas das outras.Em contraste, o RNA é frequentemente encontrado como uma molécula de uma só corda. No entanto, o ARN pode ligar-se a um RNA ou ADN complementar. Também pode exibir uma base complementar intra-fio que emparelha resultando em diferentes tipos de ARN estruturas secundárias que têm funções distintas dentro da célula.

Ácidos nucleicos

Os ácidos nucleicos são as macromoléculas mais importantes para a continuidade da vida. Eles carregam a planta genética da célula e carregam instruções para o seu funcionamento.
DNA e RNA
Os dois principais tipos de ácidos nucleicos são o ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) e o ácido ribonucleico (RNA). O DNA é o material genético em todos os organismos vivos, de bactérias unicelulares a mamíferos multicelulares. Está no núcleo de eucariotas e nos organelos, cloroplastos, e mitocôndrias. Em procariotas, o DNA não está dentro de um envelope membranar.
Todo o conteúdo genético da célula é o seu genoma, e o estudo dos genomas é a genómica. Em células eucarióticas, mas não em procariotas, o DNA forma um complexo com proteínas histonas para formar cromatina, a substância de cromossomas eucarióticos. Um cromossoma pode conter dezenas de milhares de genes. Muitos genes contêm a informação para fazer proteínas. Outros genes codificam para produtos de RNA. O DNA controla todas as atividades celulares, “ligando” ou “desligando” os genes.
O outro tipo de ácido nucleico, o RNA, está envolvido principalmente na síntese de proteínas. As moléculas de DNA nunca deixam o núcleo, usam em vez disso um intermediário para comunicarem com o resto da célula. Este intermediário é o RNA mensageiro (mRNA). Outros tipos de RNA—como o rRNA, o tRNA, e o microRNA—estão envolvidos na síntese de proteínas e na sua regulação.
O DNA e o RNA são compostos por monómeros chamados nucleótidos. Três componentes compreendem cada nucleótido: uma base nitrogenada, um açúcar pentose (cinco carbonos), e um grupo fosfato. Cada base nitrogenada em um nucleótido está ligada a uma molécula de açúcar, que está ligada a um ou mais grupos fosfato. As bases nitrogenadas, componentes importantes dos nucleótidos, são moléculas orgânicas e são assim nomeadas porque contêm carbono e nitrogénio. São bases porque contêm um grupo de amino que tem o potencial de ligar um hidrogénio extra, diminuindo assim a concentração de hidrogénio no seu ambiente, tornando-o mais básico. Cada nucleótido do DNA contém uma de quatro possíveis bases nitrogenadas: adenina (A), guanina (G), citosina (C), e timina (T). A adenina e a guanina são classificadas como purinas. A estrutura principal da purina é composta por dois anéis de carbono-nitrogénio. Citosina, timina, e uracilo são classificadas como pirimidinas que têm um único anel de carbono-nitrogénio como a sua estrutura primária. Cada um destes anéis básicos de carbono-nitrogénio tem diferentes grupos funcionais ligados a ele. Na forma abreviada da biologia molecular, conhecemos as bases nitrogenadas pelos seus símbolos A, T, G, C, e U. O DNA contém A, T, G, e C; enquanto isso, o RNA contém A, U, G, e C.
O açúcar pentose no DNA é a desoxirribose, e no RNA, o açúcar é a ribose. A diferença entre os açúcares é a presença do grupo hidroxilo no segundo carbono da ribose e hidrogénio no segundo carbono da desoxirribose. O resíduo de fosfato liga-se ao grupo hidroxilo do carbono 5′ de um açúcar e ao grupo hidroxilo do carbono de 3′ do açúcar do nucleótido seguinte, que forma uma ligação fosfodiéster 5′–3′.
Estrutura de Dupla Hélice do DNA
O DNA tem uma estrutura de dupla hélice. O açúcar e o fosfato encontram-se no exterior da hélice, formando o esqueleto do DNA. As bases nitrogenadas são empilhadas no interior, como um par de degraus de escada. Ligações de hidrogénio unem os pares um ao outro. Cada par de bases na dupla hélice está separado do par de bases seguinte por 0,34 nm. As duas cadeias da hélice correm em direções opostas, o que significa que a extremidade de carbono de 5′ de uma cadeia está de frente para a extremidade de carbono 3′ da sua cadeia correspondente. Apenas determinados tipos de emparelhamento de bases são permitidos - A pode emparelhar com T, e G pode emparelhar com C. Esta é a regra das bases complementares. Por outras palavras, as cadeias de DNA são complementares entre si.
RNA
O ácido ribonucleico, ou RNA, está envolvido principalmente no processo de síntese proteica sob a direção do DNA. O RNA é geralmente de cadeia simples e consiste em ribonucleótidos ligados por ligações fosfodiéster.
Existem quatro tipos principais de RNA: RNA mensageiro (mRNA), RNA ribossómico (rRNA), RNA de transferência (tRNA), e microRNA (Mirna). O primeiro, mRNA, transmite a mensagem do DNA, que controla todas as atividades celulares em uma célula. Se uma célula necessitar de uma determinada proteína, o seu gene é “ligado” e o RNA mensageiro é sintetizado no núcleo. A sequência de bases do RNA é complementar à sequência de codificação do DNA a partir da qual foi copiada. No citoplasma, o mRNA interage com ribossomas e outras maquinarias celulares.
O mRNA é lido em conjuntos de três bases conhecidas como codões. Cada codão codifica para um único aminoácido. Desta forma, o mRNA é lido e o produto proteico é criado. O RNA ribossómico (rRNA) é um dos principais constituintes dos ribossomas nos quais o mRNA se liga. O rRNA assegura o alinhamento adequado do mRNA e dos ribossomas. O rRNA do ribossoma também tem uma atividade enzimática (peptidil transferase) e catalisa a formação de ligações peptídicas entre dois aminoácidos alinhados. O RNA de transferência (tRNA) é um dos mais pequenos dos quatro tipos de RNA, geralmente com 70–90 nucleótidos de comprimento. Ele transporta o aminoácido certo para o local de síntese de proteínas. É o emparelhamento de bases entre o tRNA e o mRNA que permite que o aminoácido certo se insira na cadeia polipeptídica. Os micro-RNAs são as moléculas de RNA mais pequenas e o seu papel envolve a regulação da expressão genética interferindo na expressão de determinadas mensagens de mRNA.
Embora o RNA seja de cadeia simples, a maioria dos tipos de RNA apresenta um extenso emparelhamento de bases intramolecular entre sequências complementares, criando uma estrutura tridimensional previsível e essencial para a sua função.
Este texto é adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-5-nucleic-acids">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.5: Nucleic Acids</a>.

Ácidos Nucleicos

Os ácidos nucléicos são as macromoléculas mais importantes para a continuidade da vida. Eles carregam o projeto genético da célula e carregam instruções para sua ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia Celular

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Bioquímica da Célula

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

dna and rna in cells

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems.

Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code.

There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores genetic information, while RNA helps carry and use that information in the cell. Their roles make them essential for heredity and cell function.

DNA and RNA in Cells

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. Scientists know 118 elements, but not all of them occur naturally. Only a small number are essential for life, and living matter depends mostly on carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The periodic table organizes elements by their physical and chemical properties. Each square shows the element name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number of protons...

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

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types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

Chemical bonds hold atoms together and help explain how different substances form. In chemistry, the main bond types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons move from one atom to another. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are held in a shared arrangement that gives metals their characteristic behavior. Understanding these bond types helps students compare how atoms connect in different...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

Biomolecules often stay together through noncovalent attractions instead of covalent bonds. These weaker interactions help molecules recognize each other and form structures needed for life. The main noncovalent attractions are hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Each one works in a different way, but all of them can influence how biomolecules fold, bind, and behave in cells. Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to...

polymers

Polymer Chains and Their Properties

Polymers are large molecules made from repeating units called monomers. These long chains can form many common materials. Their structure helps explain why different polymers can behave in different ways. Polymers can be built in more than one way. Some form by addition polymerization, where monomers join together directly. Others form by condensation polymerization, which releases a small molecule as the chain grows. The type of polymer affects its properties and uses. Some polymers are...

what are lipids?

Lipids in Cells: Membranes, Energy, and Signals

Lipids are important cell molecules that act as membrane parts, energy stores, and signaling molecules. They are a diverse group of hydrocarbons, which are compounds made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are nonpolar, so lipids have an overall nonpolar character. Lipids are also hydrophobic, or “water-hating.” They do not form hydrogen bonds with water, so they are nearly insoluble in water. They are, however, soluble in organic solvents such as...

structure of lipids

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

Lipid molecules are built from hydrocarbon chains and a few key structural parts. Their shape helps explain why they behave differently from many other biological molecules. In high school biology, this structure is often linked to how lipids store energy and help form cell membranes. Some lipids are made from fatty acids joined to other small molecules. Triglycerides contain glycerol and three fatty acids, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. These...

chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions. The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units. The...

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems. Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code. There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores...

protein and protein structures

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ph regulation in cells

Cell pH and Organelle Balance

Cell pH and organelle balance are essential for normal cell function. pH affects protein shape and activity, the charge on cell membranes, and many metabolic reactions inside the cell. Cells also use the proton motive force, which is the energy stored in a proton gradient, to make ATP, the cell’s main energy molecule. The cytosol, or fluid inside the cell, is usually slightly more acidic than the fluid outside the cell. Even so, cells must stop the cytosol from becoming too acidic. They use...

chemistry of the cell

Cell Chemistry: Water, Ions, and Molecules

Cell chemistry explains the substances that make cells work. Water is the main component of cells, and it supports the chemical reactions that keep life going. Cells also contain organic molecules, which are carbon-based compounds, and inorganic ions, which are charged particles needed for cell function. Organic molecules in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different roles, but together they build cell structures, store energy, and carry...

key terms and concepts

Explore DNA and RNA as nucleic acids, how nucleotides build them, and how these molecules store and use genetic information in cells.

DNA and RNA in Cells | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core - Biologia Celular ilustra processos celulares complexos em vídeos de animação fáceis de entender e, ao mesmo tempo, abrangentes. Esta coleção foca nos componentes e funções essenciais das células, incluindo organelas e membranas, transporte celular e energia celular. É complementado por vídeos de Cientistas em ação que demonstram a aplicação da biologia celular em experimentos de pesquisa do mundo real.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB6.c

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
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What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

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Chromosome Structure

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RNA Structure

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Conservation of Protein Domains

Transcription

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Amyloid Fibrils

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Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino ...

Ligand Binding Sites

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Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular ...

Protein-Protein Interfaces

Protein Folding

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Conserved Binding Sites

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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

Levels of Organization

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Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

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Overview of Human Digestion

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Accessory Organs

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Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific ...

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of ...

Carbohydrate Digestion

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

What is a Nervous System?

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

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Fertilization

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What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

an-introduction-to-the-zebrafish-danio-rerio

An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

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Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart ...

Measuring Blood Pressure
ExpandTo prepare for the blood pressure exercise, simply place the appropriate number of alcohol swabs, sphygmomanometers, and ...

Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
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Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The ...

What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Blood collection is a common requirement for ...

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water ...

Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
The collection of blood from mice and rats for ...

What is the Immune System?

Overview

The immune system comprises diverse biological structures and processes that protect the body from disease. These processes can be classified ...

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain ...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

DNA and RNA in Cells

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