Name: buffer capacity and ph resistance
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:06:07.000Z
Duration: 1 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1-11.

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

A capacidade do tampão, representada como beta, é a medida quantitativa da resistência de um tampão à mudança de pH ao adicionar um ácido ou base. É expresso como o número de moles de ácido (Ca) ou base (Cb) adicionados a uma solução tampão de um litro antes de uma alteração do pH da unidade.
Quanto maior a capacidade do tampão, maior a capacidade do tampão de resistir à mudança de pH.
Para um ácido com pKa igual a 5, o número de moles de base adicionados é plotado em relação ao pH. A derivada da curva obtida mostra a maior capacidade tampão quando o pH é igual a pKa, onde a concentração de ácido fraco e sua base conjugada são iguais na solução tampão. Portanto, a faixa de pH efetiva de um tampão é uma unidade a mais ou a menos que o pKa.
Fora da faixa de pH de 3-10, a alta concentração existente de íons H+ ou OH− resiste à mudança de pH para o ácido ou base adicionada.
A concentração das espécies tampão determina proporcionalmente a capacidade tampão.

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

tampões: capacidade tamponante

A capacidade tamponante é a medida quantitativa de uma solução tampão para resistir à mudança no pH. Conforme mostrado na equação a seguir, a capacidade tamponante, denotada por 'beta', é expressa como o número de moles de ácido ou base necessários para alterar o pH de uma solução tampão de um litro em 1 unidade. Nesse caso, Ca e Cb indicam o número de moles de ácido e base, respectivamente. Observe que dpH representa a mudança no pH.

No gráfico, o pH é plotado em função do número de moles de base (Cb) adicionados a um ácido fraco com pKa igual a 5. A derivada da curva produz outro gráfico que representa a capacidade tamponante versus pH. Este gráfico demonstra que a capacidade tamponante é mais alta quando o pH é igual ao pKa, onde a solução contém uma concentração igual do ácido fraco e sua base conjugada. Para este ácido fraco, a capacidade tamponante é mais alta em pH 5, onde a resistência às mudanças de pH é mais alta. Normalmente, o tampão escolhido deve ter um valor de pKa que esteja a uma distância aproximada de 1 unidade do pH desejado. Além do valor de pKa, a capacidade tamponante também depende da concentração do ácido fraco e de sua base conjugada na solução. Quanto maior a concentração da espécie tampão, maior será a capacidade tamponante.

Tampões: Capacidade Tamponante

A capacidade do tampão, representada como beta, é a medida quantitativa da resistência de um tampão à mudança de pH ao adicionar um ácido ou base. É expresso ...

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

Química Analítica

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Acid–Base Titration

Titulação Ácido-Base

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS E CONCEITOS-CHAVE

buffer capacity and ph resistance

Buffer capacity describes how well a buffer resists changes in pH. It is a quantitative measure, so it tells how much acid or base a one-liter buffer solution can take before its pH shifts by 1 unit. In the equation, beta is the buffer capacity, while Ca and Cb represent the moles of acid and base added. The term dpH means the change in pH.

A graph of pH versus the moles of base added to a weak acid with a pKa of 5 shows how buffering works as more base is added. Taking the derivative of that curve gives a second plot, which shows buffer capacity across different pH values. The buffer capacity is highest when pH equals pKa. At that point, the weak acid and its conjugate base are present at equal concentrations.

For this weak acid, the strongest resistance to pH change occurs at pH 5. That is why a buffer should usually have a pKa within plus or minus 1 unit of the target pH. Buffer capacity also depends on how much weak acid and conjugate base are in the solution. Higher concentrations of these buffer species lead to higher buffer capacity.

Buffer Capacity and pH Resistance

acid&#8211;base titration: overview

Titration Curves and pH Changes

Acid-base titration uses a known acid or base to find the concentration of an unknown solution. A base can titrate an acid, or an acid can titrate a base. As titrant is added little by little, the pH changes in a predictable way. The pH change is shown on a titration curve. A titration curve plots how the pH of the solution changes as more titrant is added. Scientists use this curve to follow the progress of the titration and to identify the endpoint, which is the point used to stop the...

titration of a strong acid with a strong base

titration-of-a-strong-acid-with-a-strong-base

pH Changes in Strong Acid-Base Titration

pH changes in a strong acid-strong base titration depend on the amount of leftover hydronium or hydroxide ions. A strong acid such as hydrochloric acid fully dissociates in water. That gives the solution hydronium ions and chloride ions, so the starting pH is low. When sodium hydroxide is added, it neutralizes hydronium ions. As more base is added, the concentration of hydronium ions falls and the pH rises. At the equivalence point, the hydronium ions have been neutralized and the solution is...

titration of a weak acid with a strong base

titration-of-a-weak-acid-with-a-strong-base

Weak Acid Titration Curve and pH Stages

Weak acid titration with a strong base changes pH in clear stages. The acid in this example is acetic acid, and the base is sodium hydroxide. Each stage uses a different pH calculation method. At the start, the pH of the weak acid is found with its dissociation constant, Ka, and an ICE table. An ICE table tracks the initial, change, and equilibrium amounts of the acid. This step describes the acid before much base is added. As sodium hydroxide is added, a buffer forms. A buffer is a solution...

titration of a weak base with a strong acid

titration-of-a-weak-base-with-a-strong-acid

Ammonia Titration Curve with HCl

Ammonia titration with hydrochloric acid shows how a weak base behaves as acid is added. The curve is the mirror image of a weak acid titrated with a strong base. In this case, ammonia acts as the weak base, and hydrochloric acid acts as the strong acid. The starting pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia is found with an ICE table and the Kb value. That calculation gives an initial pH of 11.11. As hydrochloric acid is added, the pH begins to fall. After 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is added, the...

titration of a weak acid with a weak base

titration-of-a-weak-acid-with-a-weak-base

Finding the Endpoint in Weak Acid–Base Titration

Weak acid and weak base titration is used to follow how pH changes as base is added. In this kind of titration, both the acid and the base dissociate only partly. The titration curve shows a slow, gradual pH change instead of a sharp jump. A common example is the titration of acetic acid with ammonia. During the reaction, these two species form ammonium acetate and water. Because the pH changes so gradually, there is no simple indicator that shifts color sharply at the equivalence point. One...

solution composition during acid/base titrations

solution-composition-during-acidbase-titrations

Acetic Acid Buffer Changes in Titration

Acetic acid buffer changes during a weak acid–strong base titration. When acetic acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide, the reaction forms water and the conjugate base of the acid, sodium acetate. The mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate acts as a buffer, which helps show how solution makeup shifts during the titration. The relative amounts of acetic acid and acetate ions are tracked with α values. Here, α0 represents the equilibrium concentration of acetic acid, and α1 represents the...

mixtures of acids

Finding pH in Acid Mixtures

Finding pH in acid mixtures depends on the acids present and their dissociation constants. When a solution contains two acids, the pH can be found by choosing the method that matches their relative strengths. The key idea is that the stronger acid often controls the hydronium ion level, which is the amount of H3O+ in solution. In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely. It becomes the main source of hydronium ions in the solution. The weak acid...

titration in nonaqueous solvents

Nonaqueous Solvents for Sharper Titration Endpoints

Nonaqueous solvents can make acid-base titrations easier to read by giving sharper endpoints. Most acid-base titrations are done in water, but water can compete with weak acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance. That competition can blur the titration curve and make the endpoint less clear. Water also changes the partial ionization of weak acids and bases. For example, water can accept a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion is a stronger acid...

titration of polyprotic base with a strong acid

titration-of-polyprotic-base-with-a-strong-acid

Carbonate Buffering in Acid Titration

The titration of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid shows how a polyprotic base reacts in stages. A polyprotic base can accept more than one proton, so its titration curve has two equivalence points. These points mark where one form has been fully changed into the next. At the first equivalence point, carbonate ions are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The region before this point is the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. In this buffer region, both forms are present in the solution. <br...

titration of polyprotic acids with a strong base

titration-of-polyprotic-acids-with-a-strong-base

Polyprotic Acid Titration Curve Features

Polyprotic acid titration curves show how acids with more than one ionizable proton react with a strong base. Each proton is released in a separate step. Each step has its own dissociation constant, or Ka, and each later Ka is weaker than the one before it. When a polyprotic acid such as sulfurous acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the first ionizable proton. This forms an intermediate species, such as hydrogen sulfite ions. The first part of the curve looks...

composition of polyprotic acid solutions as a function of ph

composition-of-polyprotic-acid-solutions-as-a-function-of-ph

Polyprotic Acid Titration Fractions at Each pH

Polyprotic acid titration shows how the main species in solution change as pH changes. In a compound of the form H2M, there are two ionizable protons. That means the titration with a base produces two equivalence points on the curve. As base is added, three species can be present in the solution: H2M, HM−, and M2−. Their amounts are shown as fractions called α0, α1, and α2. These alpha values track how much of each form is present at different stages of the titration. At the start of the...

buffers: overview

Buffers and pH Stability

Buffers help keep the pH of a solution stable when small amounts of acid or base are added. They are made from a weak acid and its conjugate base, or from a weak base and its conjugate acid. This balance lets the solution resist large pH changes until the buffer capacity is exceeded. One common buffer uses acetic acid and sodium acetate. Here, CH3COOH acts as the weak acid and CH3COONa provides its salt. Another buffer uses ammonia and ammonium chloride, written as NH3 and NH4Cl. These...

buffers: buffer capacity

Buffer capacity describes how well a buffer resists changes in pH. It is a quantitative measure, so it tells how much acid or base a one-liter buffer solution can take before its pH shifts by 1 unit. In the equation, beta is the buffer capacity, while Ca and Cb represent the moles of acid and base added. The term dpH means the change in pH. A graph of pH versus the moles of base added to a weak acid with a pKa of 5 shows how buffering works as more base is added. Taking the derivative of that...

leveling effect

How Solvents Limit Acid and Base Strength

The leveling effect explains how a solvent can limit acid and base strength in solution. In acid-base chemistry, the solvent sets a ceiling on how strong an acid or base can act. Stronger acids or bases may react with the solvent itself instead of with the intended compound. When a base is stronger than the conjugate base of the solvent, it deprotonates the solvent first. A conjugate base is the species left after an acid loses a proton. This reaction keeps going until the stronger base is...

key terms and concepts

Learn how buffer capacity measures pH resistance, why it peaks at pH = pKa, and how concentration affects a buffer's ability to resist change.

Buffer Capacity and pH Resistance | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the ...

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. ...

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name &ldquo;noble&rdquo; because they were ...

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

bond-polarity-dipole-moment-and-percent-ionic-character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

assembly-of-a-reflux-system-for-heated-chemical-reactions

Assembly of a Reflux System for Heated Chemical Reactions

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Philip Miller &#8212; Imperial College London
Many chemical experiments require elevated temperatures before any reaction is ...

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2&minus;) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...

conducting-reactions-below-room-temperature

Conducting Reactions Below Room Temperature

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Dana Lashley - College of William and Mary
Demonstration by: Matt Smith
When new bonds are formed in the course of a chemical ...

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to ...

Coordination Chemistry Complexes

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Transition metals are found everywhere from vitamin ...

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:


	...

determining-rate-laws-and-the-order-of-reaction

Determining Rate Laws and the Order of Reaction

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
All chemical reactions have a specific rate defining the ...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Determining the Empirical Formula

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams - SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Determining the chemical formula of a compound is at the heart ...

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Dr&#xFC;de called the ...

determining-the-solubility-rules-of-ionic-compounds

Determining the Solubility Rules of Ionic Compounds

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
An ionic compound&#39;s solubility can be determined via ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Introduction to Catalysis

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Ryan Richards &#8212; Colorado School of Mines
Catalysis is among the most important fields of modern technology and presently ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Introduction to Titration

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Yee Nee Tan &#8212; Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
Titration is a common technique used to quantitatively ...

Le Ch&#226;telier's Principle

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Lynne O&#39;Connell &#8212; Boston College
When the conditions of a system at equilibrium are altered, the system responds in ...

preparing-anhydrous-reagents-and-equipment

Preparing Anhydrous Reagents and Equipment

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Dana Lashley - College of William and Mary
Demonstrated by: Timothy Beck and Lucas Arney
Many reactions in organic chemistry are ...

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
The United States consumes a large amount of energy &#8211; the current ...

Solutions and Concentrations

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Michael Evans &#8212; Georgia Institute of Technology
A solution is a homogeneous mixture containing some components in small ...

spectrophotometric-determination-of-an-equilibrium-constant

Spectrophotometric Determination of an Equilibrium Constant

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Michael Evans &#8212; Georgia Institute of Technology
The equilibrium constant, K, for a chemical system is the ratio of product ...

using-differential-scanning-calorimetry-to-measure-changes-in-enthalpy

Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Measure Changes in Enthalpy

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Terry Tritt &#8212; Clemson University
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a method of thermodynamic analysis based on ...

Schlenk Lines Transfer of Solvents

Source: Hsin-Chun Chiu and Tyler J. Morin, laboratory of Dr. Ian Tonks&#8212;University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Schlenk lines and high vacuum lines are ...

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.

HS-PS1-2.

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are ...

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical ...

Precipitation Reactions

In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound &#x2013; the precipitate. The reaction occurs ...

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation&ndash;Reduction Reactions

Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere contains about 20% molecular oxygen, O2, a chemically reactive gas that plays an essential ...

Oxidation Numbers

In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the ...

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to ...

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The ...

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

HS-PS1-4.

Reaction Rate

The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time ...

Measuring Reaction Rates

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical ...

Concentration and Rate Law

The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions ...

Determining Order of Reaction

Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and ...

the-integrated-rate-law-the-dependence-of-concentration-on-time

The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time

While the differential rate law relates the rate and concentrations of reactants, a second form of rate law called the integrated rate law relates ...

Apply scientific principles and evidence to explain how the rate of a physical or chemical change is affected when conditions are varied.

HS-PS1-5.

Buffer Capacity and pH Resistance

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards