Name: scalar quantities in physics
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T11:49:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE
Description: Scalar quantities in physics have size only. They do not include direction. This makes them different from vector quantities. Common scalar examples include mass, temperature, time, and energy. Each one can be described with a number and a unit. Because direction is not part of the value, scalars are often easier to compare and measure.

Quantidades físicas como tempo, massa e distância têm magnitude, mas nenhuma direção. Essas quantidades são chamadas de quantidades escalares.
Eles são expressos como um valor numérico seguido por uma unidade física. Por exemplo, a massa de uma maçã é de 100 g. 
Os escalares são diferentes dos vetores, pois os vetores têm magnitude e direção.
Por exemplo, a massa de um objeto depende da quantidade de matéria em uma substância e é uma quantidade escalar. Em contraste, seu peso, que é a força exercida devido à gravidade da Terra, é uma quantidade vetorial.
Da mesma forma, a distância é uma quantidade escalar, enquanto o deslocamento, que é a mudança na posição de um objeto, é uma quantidade vetorial.
Os escalares são indicados com letras em itálico.
Os escalares podem ser negativos, como a carga de um elétron ou a leitura de uma escala de termômetro.
Aqui, o sinal de menos representa o ponto em uma escala ou natureza da entidade.
Para termômetros Celsius e Fahrenheit, as escalas leem zero em pontos diferentes. Portanto, a temperatura negativa também é lida em diferentes leituras de escala.

introdução a escalares

Muitas quantidades físicas familiares podem ser especificadas completamente através do fornecimento de um único número e a unidade apropriada. Por exemplo, "um período de aula dura 50 min.", ou "o tanque de gasolina do meu carro comporta 65 L", ou "a distância entre os dois postes é de 100 m". Uma quantidade física que pode ser especificada completamente desta maneira é chamada de quantidade escalar. A palavra "escalar" é sinônimo de "número". Tempo, massa, distância, comprimento, volume, temperatura e energia são alguns exemplos de quantidades escalares.

Quantidades escalares que possuem as mesmas unidades físicas podem ser adicionadas ou subtraídas de acordo com as regras usuais da álgebra para números. Por exemplo, uma aula que termina 10 minutos antes dos 50 minutos dura 50 minutos - 10 minutos = 40 minutos. Da mesma forma, uma porção de milho de 60 calorias seguida por uma porção de rosquinhas de 200 calorias resulta em 60 cal + 200 cal = 260 cal de energia. Quando multiplicamos uma quantidade escalar por um número, obtemos a mesma quantidade escalar, mas com um valor maior (ou menor). Por exemplo, se o café da manhã de ontem teve 200 calorias de energia e o café da manhã de hoje tem quatro vezes mais energia do que ontem, então o café da manhã de hoje tem 4 × 200 cal = 800 cal de energia. Duas quantidades escalares também podem ser multiplicadas ou divididas uma pela outra para formar uma quantidade escalar derivada. Por exemplo, se um trem percorre uma distância de 120 km em 1 h, sua velocidade escalar (speed, em inglês) é de 120.000 m/3.600 s = 33 m/s, onde a velocidade escalar é uma quantidade escalar derivada obtida dividindo a distância pelo tempo.

Este texto foi adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/2-1-scalars-and-vectors">Openstax, University Physics Volume 1, Section 2.1: Scalars and Vectors.</a>

Introdução a Escalares

Muitas grandezas físicas familiares podem ser especificadas completamente fornecendo um único número e a unidade apropriada. Por exemplo, "um período de aula dura ...

Education

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

Engenharia Mecânica

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Physics Basics

Fundamentos da Física

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

Introduction to Scalers

scalar quantities in physics

Scalar quantities in physics have size only. They do not include direction. This makes them different from vector quantities.

Common scalar examples include mass, temperature, time, and energy. Each one can be described with a number and a unit. Because direction is not part of the value, scalars are often easier to compare and measure.

Scalar Quantities in Physics

introduction to scalers

Scalar quantities in physics have size only. They do not include direction. This makes them different from vector quantities. Common scalar examples include mass, temperature, time, and energy. Each one can be described with a number and a unit. Because direction is not part of the value, scalars are often easier to compare and measure.

vector or cross product

Cross Product of Two Vectors

The cross product of two vectors gives a new vector that is related to both original vectors. It is also called the vector product. In many physics problems, this operation helps describe quantities that depend on direction as well as size. The result of a cross product has a direction set by the two input vectors. It is not the same as ordinary multiplication. The transcript focuses on the vector or cross product as a core vector operation students use when working with vectors in science.

introduction to vectors

Vectors in Motion and Direction

Vectors describe quantities that have both size and direction. They are used in physics to show how motion, force, and other quantities act in space. A vector can be represented with an arrow. The length of the arrow shows the size, and the arrowhead shows the direction. This makes vectors useful for comparing how one quantity points relative to another. Scalars are different because they have size only and no direction. Understanding the difference between vectors and scalars is an important...

units and standards of measurement

Measurement Units, Standards, and SI Basics

Measurement units, standards, and SI basics help scientists describe physical quantities clearly. A unit gives a number meaning, while a standard provides a fixed reference for that measurement. Together, they make results easier to compare and understand. The International System of Units, or SI, is the most common measurement system in science. It uses agreed-upon base units for common quantities. These standards reduce confusion when measurements are shared across labs, classrooms, and...

accuracy and precision

Measurement Errors, Accuracy, and Precision

Measurement errors can affect how close a result is to the true value and how consistent repeated results are. Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to the accepted or true value. Precision describes how close repeated measurements are to one another. A result can be accurate, precise, both, or neither. A set of measurements may cluster tightly together and still be far from the true value. Another set may include values spread out from one another, even if one of them is close to the...

rules of significant figures

Counting Significant Figures in Measurements

Significant figures help students record measurements with the correct level of precision. They show which digits in a number are meaningful and which only help place the decimal point. In science class, this idea matters when writing and comparing measured values. The rules for significant figures explain how to count these digits in different numbers. Some digits are always counted, while others depend on where they appear in the number. Learning the rules makes it easier to report answers...

random and systematic errors

Measuring Error in Scientific Data

Random and systematic errors affect scientific measurements. Random errors cause values to spread around the true value. They make repeated measurements less consistent. Systematic errors shift measurements in the same direction each time. Understanding both kinds of error helps students judge data quality. Random error can come from small changes during measurement. Systematic error can come from a biased tool or method. Scientists look for these patterns so they can improve results and...

position and displacement

Tracking Motion with Position and Displacement

Position and displacement are key ideas in straight-line motion. Position tells where an object is located compared with a chosen starting point, called the origin. Displacement describes how far and in what direction the object has moved from its starting position. These ideas help describe motion clearly. Position can change as an object moves. Displacement focuses on the change in position, not just the path taken. That makes it useful for comparing motion in a simple and precise way.

position and displacement vectors

Using Vectors to Describe Motion

Position and displacement vectors describe motion in physics. A position vector shows where an object is located relative to a chosen origin. A displacement vector shows how far and in what direction the object moves from one point to another. These vectors are useful because they give a clear way to track movement in space. The video connects position and displacement to the idea of a reference point and shows how direction matters as much as distance. That makes them important for describing...

mass and weight

How Mass Differs from Weight

Mass and weight are related, but they are not the same. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is the force of gravity acting on that object. This difference matters because mass stays the same even when gravity changes. Weight can change if the gravitational pull changes. A person or object therefore has the same mass, but not always the same weight. The terms are often used in everyday speech as if they mean the same thing. In physics, they describe two different ideas.

acceleration due to gravity on earth

Free-Fall Acceleration on Earth

Free-fall acceleration on Earth describes how fast an object speeds up when gravity is the only force acting on it. Near Earth’s surface, this acceleration is nearly constant for many everyday situations. Gravity pulls objects toward Earth and gives them downward acceleration. This motion is often written as g, and it helps explain why falling objects gain speed as they move downward. The value of g is commonly used in physics to predict the motion of objects dropped or released near the...

tension

Tension in Ropes and Strings

Tension is the pulling force carried by a rope, string, or cable when it is stretched by a load. In physics, this force acts along the length of the object and pulls away from the objects at each end. A stretched rope can support a hanging mass because the tension in the rope balances the weight of the load. The same idea appears in many everyday situations, such as a cable holding a sign or a string lifting an object. Understanding tension helps students connect force diagrams to real motion.

gravitational force

How Gravity Acts Between Objects

Gravity is a force that pulls objects toward one another. On Earth, this force gives objects weight and keeps people, water, and other materials from drifting away. It also helps explain why planets and moons stay in motion around larger bodies. The strength of gravitational force depends on the masses of the objects involved. Larger masses create a stronger pull, while smaller masses create a weaker one. The distance between objects also matters, because gravity becomes weaker as objects move...

key terms and concepts

Learn how scalar quantities are used in physics, with clear examples like mass, temperature, time, and energy for high school students.

Scalar Quantities in Physics | JoVE K12

O JoVE Core Mechanical Engineering oferece vídeos animados concisos e de fácil compreensão que abrangem tópicos-chave como equilíbrio, forças, análise de treliças e mecânica estrutural. Explore suas aplicações no mundo real e observe esses conceitos em ação por meio de experimentos conduzidos por cientistas.

mechanical engineering

Scalar Quantities in Physics

Description

Transcript

Tags