Name: wind turbine types and generator control
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

Wind Turbine Machine Models

Existem quatro tipos de turbinas eólicas. Os tipos 1 e 2 são modelos de máquinas de indução, onde os enrolamentos do estator induzem correntes do rotor CA por meio de movimento relativo entre o campo magnético e o rotor.
A diferença entre as velocidades síncronas e do rotor por unidade é quantificada como deslizamento.
Este modelo inclui tensão equivalente atrás da resistência do estator e reatância transitória.
As condições iniciais de estabilidade transitória são determinadas definindo duas equações diferenciais como zero e usando fluxo de potência, injeção de energia real e tensão terminal como entradas.
A potência reativa negativa produzida indica o consumo de energia das máquinas de indução.
As turbinas Tipo 1 apresentam um rotor de gaiola de esquilo com resistência fixa, enquanto o Tipo 2 emprega máquinas de indução de rotor enrolado com um sistema de controle para ajustar a resistência do rotor.
As turbinas eólicas tipo 3, também conhecidas como geradores assíncronos duplamente alimentados, usam máquinas de indução de rotor enrolado.
Os enrolamentos do rotor se conectam à rede CA por meio de um conversor AC-DC-AC, permitindo o controle separado da potência real e reativa.
As turbinas tipo 4 usam um design totalmente assíncrono em que a saída da máquina se conecta à rede CA por meio de um conversor AC-DC-AC.

estabilidade transitória e controles do sistema

No crescente campo da energia eólica, incorporar modelos de turbinas eólicas na análise de estabilidade transitória é essencial. Máquinas de indução e síncronas são os principais modelos usados, com máquinas de indução prevalecendo devido à sua simplicidade e confiabilidade.


 Máquinas de indução interagem por meio do campo magnético rotativo gerado pelo estator e pelo rotor. O parâmetro-chave é o deslizamento, a diferença entre a velocidade síncrona e a velocidade do rotor em relação à velocidade síncrona. O deslizamento é zero na velocidade síncrona, positivo ao motorizar e negativo ao gerar. A dinâmica mecânica envolve a constante de inércia (H) e a diferença de torque (T_m−T_e).


 Um modelo elétrico simplificado para uma máquina de indução de gaiola única representa a tensão equivalente por trás da resistência do estator e da reatância transitória. Os parâmetros-chave incluem a constante de tempo de circuito aberto para o rotor e a reatância síncrona derivada da reatância de vazamento e da reatância de magnetização.


 O torque elétrico e a injeção de potência real terminal são determinados pelas tensões e correntes internas da máquina. Máquinas de indução normalmente consomem energia reativa, indicada por um valor negativo.


 Os modelos de turbinas eólicas são de quatro tipos diferentes:


 Tipo 1 e Tipo 2: Esses modelos usam geradores de indução. O Tipo 1 tem uma resistência de rotor fixa, enquanto o Tipo 2 usa resistência de rotor variável para melhor controle, afetando a constante de tempo e a saída de potência da máquina.


 Tipo 3 e Tipo 4: Esses modelos avançados (geradores assíncronos duplamente alimentados e sistemas de conversor completo) permitem o controle de potência real e reativa. O Tipo 3 usa conversores para controle de corrente do rotor, fornecendo uma ampla faixa de velocidade. O Tipo 4 desacopla o gerador da rede, oferecendo controle flexível e eliminando o acoplamento mecânico com a dinâmica da turbina.


 Entender os modelos de máquinas de turbinas eólicas envolve analisar a interação de componentes elétricos e mecânicos para uma análise precisa da estabilidade.

Estabilidade transitória e controles do sistema

Existem quatro tipos de turbinas eólicas. Os tipos 1 e 2 são modelos de máquinas de indução, onde os enrolamentos do estator induzem correntes do rotor CA por meio de movimento relativo ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Engenharia Elétrica

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Transient Stability and System Controls

Estabilidade Transitória e Controles do Sistema

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

wind turbine types and generator control

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable.

Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous speed, positive during motoring, and negative during generating.

The mechanical side of the model uses the inertia constant, H, and the torque difference between mechanical torque, Tm, and electrical torque, Te. A simplified single-cage induction machine model shows an equivalent voltage behind stator resistance and transient reactance. Other important parameters include the rotor open-circuit time constant and the synchronous reactance, which comes from leakage reactance and magnetizing reactance.

Electrical torque and terminal real power injection depend on the machine’s internal voltages and currents. Induction machines usually consume reactive power, so this value is negative. Wind turbine models are grouped into four types, and each type handles control in a different way.

Type 1 and Type 2 models use induction generators. Type 1 has fixed rotor resistance. Type 2 uses variable rotor resistance, which improves control and changes the machine time constant and power output. Type 3 and Type 4 are more advanced. Type 3 is a doubly-fed asynchronous generator that uses converters to control rotor current and supports a wide speed range. Type 4 is a full converter system that decouples the generator from the grid, gives flexible real and reactive power control, and removes the mechanical link to turbine dynamics.

Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

the swing equation

Generator Rotor Motion and the Swing Equation

Generator rotor motion is described by the Swing Equation in power system dynamics. It is used to study generating units such as three-phase synchronous generators. The equation comes from Newton’s second law applied to the generator rotor. It links inertia, angular acceleration, and the balance between mechanical and electrical torques. In steady-state operation, the mechanical torque supplied to the generator is equal to the electrical torque produced by the generator. When these torques...

simplified synchronous machine model

Transient Stability in Synchronous Generators

The synchronous machine model helps students analyze transient stability in power systems. It represents a synchronous generator under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions. The model assumes constant excitation and ignores losses and saturation. These simplifications make it easier to study how a generator behaves during a disturbance. In this setup, the generator is connected to a network of transmission lines, transformers, loads, and other machines. That larger system is often...

multimachine stability

Power-System Stability in Multi-Machine Networks

Power-system stability in multi-machine networks focuses on how several synchronous machines behave as they stay connected to an N-bus power system. The analysis solves the swing equations for the machines and tracks how the network responds when conditions change. It is used to study transient stability, which is the system’s ability to stay in step after a disturbance. The network is written with nodal equations that link bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. In this model, V...

wind turbine machine models

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable. Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous...

generator voltage control

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes. Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from...

turbine-governor control

How Turbine Governors Stabilize Power Output

Turbine-governor control helps keep generator frequency and rotor speed stable when electrical load changes. It does this by matching turbine mechanical power with the power demand on the system. In a power grid, that balance is important for steady operation. Turbine-generator units also store kinetic energy because their parts are rotating. When load increases, that stored energy is released to help meet the demand. At first, electrical torque rises while mechanical torque stays nearly...

load-frequency control

Load-frequency control in power grids

Load-frequency control keeps a power grid stable when electrical demand changes. It helps keep system frequency and power flow within acceptable limits. Turbine-governor control reduces rotor speed changes after a load shift, but a steady-state frequency error can still remain when the turbine-governor reference setting does not change. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through tie-lines, which are the transmission lines that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how wind turbine models use induction and synchronous machines, slip, torque, and converter control to explain Types 1–4 and grid behavior.

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Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

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