Name: caring for research mice and rats
Uploaded: 2016-09-14T17:37:02.000Z
Duration: 13 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Basic Care Procedures

Надлежащий уход и обращение с животными, используемыми в биомедицинских исследованиях, имеют решающее значение для результата экспериментов. Правила и установленные руководящие принципы диктуют многие из используемых практик. Тем не менее, необходимы дополнительные меры для мышей и крыс с иммунодефицитом, чтобы смягчить случайное воздействие условно-патогенных микроорганизмов. Когда методы придерживаются установленных процедур, улучшается здоровье и благополучие подопытных животных, а также достигаются лучшие эксперимент...

Основные процедуры по уходу

Источник: Кей Стюарт, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Валери А. Шредер, RVT, RLATG. Университет Нотр-Дам, Индиана
Мыши и крысы составляют более 90% животных, используемых для биомедицинских исследований. Надлежащий уход за этими подопытными животными имеет решающее значение для исхода экспериментов. Существуют общие процедуры, которые применимы к большинству этих мышей и крыс, но некоторые животные, такие как с ослабленным иммунитетом, требуют дополнительных шагов для поддержания их для экспериментов. 
К широко используемым мышам с ослабленным иммунитетом относятся те, которые естественным образом возникли у инбредных мышей, и те, которые были созданы с помощью генной инженерии. Первыми мышами с ослабленным иммунитетом, использованными в исследованиях, были «голые» мыши. Обнаженная мышь BALB/c (nu) была обнаружена в 1966 году в колонии BALB/c, которая производила мышей, лишенных как волос, так и тимуса. У этих атимических мышей ослаблена иммунная система, лишенная Т-клеток. Вскоре была обнаружена ценность этого животного для использования в исследованиях микробных инфекций, иммунодефицитов и аутоиммунных заболеваний. Хотя она не так часто используется, как голая мышь, есть также голая крыса. Голая крыса имеет дефицит Т-клеток и демонстрирует истощенные клеточные популяции в тимус-зависимых областях периферических лимфоидных органов. Еще одной естественно встречающейся мышью с иммунодефицитом является мышь с тяжелым комбинированным иммунодефицитом (ТКИД). У этих мышей есть дефект, который нарушает выработку функциональных В- и Т-клеток. Из-за неспособности к выработке адекватного иммунного ответа эти мыши могут служить реципиентами хозяина для трансплантации человеческих клеток. Несколько генетически модифицированных линий мышей с иммунодефицитом коммерчески доступны. 1 Тяжесть дефицита зависит от генетической модификации; Тем не менее, со всеми мышами и крысами с ослабленным иммунитетом обращаются одинаково. 
В данной рукописи будет описан уход как за иммунокомпетентными, так и за иммунокомпрометированными животными. Содержание животных, рацион питания, экологические требования и обращение будут обсуждаться для обеих групп животных.

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Mice and rats account for a large proportion of the ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Основы биологии

Lab Animal Research

Исследования на лабораторных животных

Rodents

Грызуны

caring for research mice and rats

Research mice and rats need careful housing, feeding, and handling. These animals make up over 90% of the animals used for biomedical research, so their care can strongly affect experiment results. Both immunocompetent animals, which have a normal immune response, and immunocompromised animals need proper support during studies.

Some research animals have weakened immune systems and need extra steps to stay healthy. Common examples include naturally occurring immunocompromised mice and mice created through genetic engineering. The first immunocompromised mice used in research were nude mice. The BALB/c Nude, or nu, mouse was discovered in 1966 in a BALB/c colony that included mice lacking both hair and a thymus.

These athymic mice, meaning mice without a thymus, have an inhibited immune system that lacks T cells. Researchers quickly found value in nude mice for studies of microbial infections, immune deficiencies, and autoimmunity. A nude rat also exists. It is T cell deficient and has depleted cell populations in thymus-dependent areas of peripheral lymphoid organs.

Another naturally occurring immune-deficient model is the severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID, mouse. These mice have a defect that prevents the production of functional B and T cells. Because they cannot mount an adequate immune response, they can be used as host recipients for transplants of human cells. Several genetically modified mouse strains with immune deficiencies are also available commercially.

The exact severity of immune deficiency can vary with the genetic modification. Even so, immunocompromised mice and rats are handled in similar ways. Care for both immunocompetent and immunocompromised animals includes attention to housing, diet, environmental needs, and handling. These basic steps help support the animals during research.

Caring for Research Mice and Rats

rodent handling and restraint techniques

Minimizing Stress in Mouse and Rat Handling

Mouse and rat handling can create stress, even when the procedure is brief. Cage changing and other noninvasive tasks can raise heart rate, blood pressure, and serum corticosterone levels. These changes may last for several hours. Restraint for injections and blood withdrawal can also affect the animals and may influence scientific data. Because of this, proper training is needed when working with mice and rats. The goal is to reduce the effect of handling on the animals as much as possible. <br...

basic care procedures

Research mice and rats need careful housing, feeding, and handling. These animals make up over 90% of the animals used for biomedical research, so their care can strongly affect experiment results. Both immunocompetent animals, which have a normal immune response, and immunocompromised animals need proper support during studies. Some research animals have weakened immune systems and need extra steps to stay healthy. Common examples include naturally occurring immunocompromised mice and mice...

fundamentals of breeding and weaning

Mouse and Rat Breeding Methods

Mouse and rat breeding methods are used in biomedical research to supply animals for laboratory studies. Many research facilities buy mice from commercial breeders, but some also breed mice and rats in-house. In-house breeding can reduce costs and give researchers more options for their studies. Breeding animals in the facility also lets researchers manage genetics and timing. They can plan pregnancies to match research needs and work with embryos and newborns when needed. Mice and rats can be...

rodent identification i

Mice and Rats: Ear Tags and Punch Codes

Proper identification of laboratory mice and rats is important in biomedical research. The right animal must be used for each procedure and for data collection. Clear identification helps keep research records accurate and reliable. This page focuses on permanent identification methods for mice and rats. These methods include ear tags, ear punch codes, microchip implantation, tail tattoos for adult mice, and toe tattoos for neonates. Temporary methods such as dyes and marking pens can also be...

rodent identification ii

Rodent ID Methods for Accurate Records

Accurate rodent identification supports reliable animal records and data collection. Research animal records may include simple cage cards or a detailed database with full information on each animal. Individual identification is the key part of keeping those records correct. Mice and rats can be identified by several methods. These include tattooing, microchip placement, and temporary identification methods. Each method serves a different need in research animal management. The procedure also...

compound administration i

Rodent Injection Routes and Restraint

Rodent injection routes and restraint methods are key parts of compound administration in mice and rats. When a substance must be injected into an animal, the delivery route and the amount of compound must be chosen with care. The right choice helps match the dose to the protocol. Several factors guide the route of administration. These include the pH of the solution, the volume needed for the desired dose, and the viscosity of the solution. Viscosity means how thick or resistant to flow a...

compound administration ii

Choosing the Right Route for Compound Delivery

Compound delivery is a key part of many animal studies. The route used to give the compound can change how it is absorbed. Careful planning helps make sure the compound is delivered correctly. The substance itself also matters when a route is chosen. Its pH, viscosity, and concentration can all affect which method is best. These properties help guide the choice of administration route in a study.

compound administration iii

Specialized Injection Routes in Mice and Rats

Specialized injection routes in mice and rats are sometimes used when standard compound administration methods are not enough. Some study protocols call for less common routes such as intradermal, intranasal, and intracranial injections. These methods are used in laboratory animals and require careful technique. Intradermal injections place a compound into the skin. Intranasal injections deliver a compound through the nose. Intracranial injections are given into the brain. Because these...

compound administration iv

Specialized Injection Routes in Rodents

Specialized injection routes in laboratory mice and rats include intracardiac, footpad, and retro-orbital administration. These methods are used when a protocol calls for a route that is less common than standard compound delivery methods. Each route requires specialized training to perform correctly. Intracardiac injections deliver into the heart, footpad injections target the paw area, and retro-orbital injections are given around the eye region. Because these procedures are more technical,...

blood withdrawal i

Rodent Blood Collection Methods

Blood collection in mice and rats is a common part of research studies. The method used depends on how much blood is needed, how often samples must be taken, the animal's health, and the technician's skill level. This topic includes three blood withdrawal methods: retro-orbital sinus bleeds, initial tail snip bleeds, and intracardiac bleeds. Each method requires general anesthesia, which means the animal is made unconscious before the procedure begins.

blood withdrawal ii

Rodent Blood Sampling Methods

Blood collection from mice and rats can be done with several methods. The choice depends on the restraint needed, how invasive the procedure is, and whether a general anesthetic is required. These factors help determine which method is best for a given analysis. One older method uses the retro-orbital sinus cavity, which is located behind the eye. This approach has been debated because it may cause tissue damage or even blindness. For that reason, facial vein and submandibular vein bleeding...

anesthesia induction and maintenance

Laboratory Anesthesia and Pain Control

Laboratory anesthesia and pain control are important parts of veterinary care for research animals. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals says that pain assessment and pain relief must be part of that care. Anesthesia means the loss of feeling or sensation.

considerations for rodent surgery 

Aseptic Steps in Rodent Survival Surgery

Aseptic technique is essential for rodent survival surgery. It is used to keep the surgical site as clean as possible and to reduce contamination during the procedure. This approach includes patient preparation, surgeon preparation, and sterilization of instruments and other supplies. It also depends on a clean, controlled environment. Careful planning before surgery helps set up these steps for success. During the operation, animals need close monitoring. After the surgery, postoperative...

diagnostic necropsy and tissue harvest

Rat Necropsy for Tissue Collection

Rat necropsy is a key step for collecting organs and tissues at the end of many animal studies. These final samples are used for data collection time points and later testing. Because the samples are used for analysis, the way they are taken can affect sample quality. Careful collection methods help preserve the organs and tissues for testing. The method of euthanasia, or the procedure used to humanely end the animal's life, can also affect sample quality. This article outlines proper necropsy...

sterile tissue harvest

Aseptic Organ Collection in Rats and Mice

Aseptic organ collection in rats and mice is used to keep harvested tissues free from contamination. The process is important when tissues will be used for cell and tissue cultures. It also supports later protein and RNA analysis, as well as metabolic profiling of tissues. The transcript connects this work to the 3 R's, which were introduced in 1959 by W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The 3 R's are replacement, reduction, and refinement in the...

early intervention and pain management

Раннее вмешательство и управление болью

Все процедуры, связанные с животными, описанные здесь, должны проводиться в соответствии с институциональными этимическими рекомендациями по работе с животными и утверждены IACUC. Все процедуры должны следовать принципам 3R—Замена, Сокращение и Усовершенствование—и должны выполняться обученным персоналом.  Мониторинг животных на наличие признаков боли и дистресса Распознавание ранних признаков боли важно для этичных исследований на животных. Животные систематически мониторируются с...

humane euthanasia and confirmation of death in rodents

Гуманная эвтаназия и подтверждение смерти у грызунов

Все процедуры с животными, описанные здесь, должны проводиться в соответствии с институциональными этикическими рекомендациями по работе с животными и одобрены IACUC. Все процедуры должны следовать принципам 3R — Замены, Снижения и Усовершенствования — и должны выполняться квалифицированным персоналом. Гуманные конечные точки у грызунов — это предварительно определенные клинические, поведенческие или физиологические показатели, которые сигнализируют о том, что животное испытывает значительную...

habituation and positive reinforcement for rodent handling

Привыкание и положительное подкрепление для работы с грызунами

Все процедуры с животными, описанные здесь, должны проводиться в соответствии с институциональными этимическими руководящими принципами по работе с животными и должны быть одобрены IACUC. Все процедуры должны соответствовать принципам 3R—Замена, Снижение и Усовершенствование—и должны выполняться обученным персоналом. Привыкание и положительное подкрепление являются стратегиями усовершенствования, которые помогают уменьшить стресс при рутинной обработке и экспериментальных процедурах у грызунов.

breeding management in rodent studies

Управление разведением в исследованиях на грызунах

Все процедуры с животными, описанные здесь, должны проводиться в соответствии с институциональными этимическими рекомендациями по работе с животными и должны быть одобрены IACUC. Все процедуры должны следовать принципам 3R – Замена, Сокращение и Усовершенствование – и должны выполняться обученным персоналом. Управление разведением поддерживает 3R, минимизируя ненужное производство животных и обеспечивая, чтобы было получено только то количество животных, которое требуется для исследования.

transport and acclimatization of rodents for research

Перевозка и акклиматизация грызунов для исследований

Все процедуры с животными, описанные здесь, должны проводиться в соответствии с институциональными этимическими рекомендациями по работе с животными и утверждаться IACUC. Все процедуры должны следовать принципам 3R—Замена, Снижение и Улучшение—и должны выполняться обученным персоналом. Перевозка грызунов для исследований требует процедур, которые минимизировали стресс и поддерживали благополучие животных во время перемещения, чтобы минимизировать влияние на результаты экспериментов.

environmental enrichment for rodents

Обогащение среды для грызунов

Все описанные здесь процедуры с животными должны проводиться в соответствии с институциональными руководящими принципами по этике в отношении животных и должны быть одобрены IACUC. Все процедуры должны соответствовать принципам 3R—Замена, Сокращение и Усовершенствование—и должны выполняться обученным персоналом. Обогащение окружающей среды включает объекты и практики, которые способствуют естественному поведению, улучшают психологическое благополучие и способствуют повышению комфорта...

rodents

Learn how research mice and rats are housed, fed, and handled, including nude and SCID models used in studies of infection, immunity, and transplants.

Caring for Research Mice and Rats | JoVE K12

HS-LS1-3.

Kay Stewart

Valerie A. Schroeder

University of Notre Dame

Overview

Unpacking and Cage Changing Procedures

Housing

Diet

Environment

Applications

Summary

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HS-LS1-1.

Caring for Research Mice and Rats

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