Name: cell cycle stages in mitosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

<p>Состоящий из пяти уникальных этапов, митоз является формой деления где генетический материал клетки разделяется между двумя дочерними клетками. Во-первых, во время профазы у людей ядерный хроматин конденсируется в х-образные хромосомы, состоящие из сестринских хроматидных пар, соединённых в области центромеры. Одновременно, вне ядра, две L-образных органеллы, центросомы, мигрируют на противоположные стороны клетки.</p><p>Когда они выполнят это, микротрубочки начинают расти от каждой, либо к внутренней области клетки, либо к внешней, формируя веретено деления, похожее на паутину. Далее, ядерная оболочка растворяется во время прометафазы, открывая хромосомы для другого содержимого клетки. Белковые структуры также появляются с обеих сторон из центромер, по одной для каждой хроматиды.</p><p>Как только эти кинетохоры сформировались, растущие внутрь микротрубочки прикрепляются к ним, с каждой сестринской хроматидой, привязанной к другому полюсу клетки. Митоз затем переходит к метафазе где веретено деления переупорядочивает хромосомы,</p>

<p>Гертин, Дэвид А., Сюзанна Траутманн и Дэннел Макколлум. "Цитокинез у эукариот." <em>Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.</em> 66, No2 (1 июня 2002): 155–78. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.2.155-178.2002" target="__blank">Источник</a>]</p>

Митоз и цитокинез

<p>В эукариотических клетках цикл деления клетки делится на различные, скоординированные клеточные процессы, которые включают рост клеток, дублирование репликации ДНК/хромосомы, распределение хромосом на дочери клетки и, наконец, деление клеток. Клеточный цикл жестко регулируется его регулирующими системами, а также внеклеточными сигналами, которые влияют на пролиферацию клеток.</p>

<p>Процессы клеточного цикла происходят в течение примерно 24 часов (в типичных клетках человека) и в двух основных различимых стадиях. Первый этап репликации ДНК, во время фазы S интерфазы. Второй стадией является митотическая (М) фаза, которая предполагает разделение дублированных хромосом на два новых ядра (митоз) и цитоплазмическое деление (цитокиноз). Эти две фазы разделены интервалами (G<sub>1 и</sub> G<sub>2</sub> пробелы), в течение которых клетка готовится к репликации и делению.</p>

<h4>Процесс митоза</h4>

<p>Митоз можно разделить на пять различных стадий: профазу, прометафазу, метафазу, анафазу и телофазу. Цитокиноз, который начинается во время анафазы или телофазы (в зависимости от клетки), является частью фазы M, но не частью митоза.</p>

<h4>Профаза</h4>

<p>Когда клетка входит в митоз, ее реплицированные хромосомы начинают конденсироваться и становятся видимыми как нитевидные структуры с помощью белков, известных как конденсаты. Митотический шпиндельный аппарат (Веретено) начинает формироваться между центросомами, которые дублировались во время фазы S, и мигрируют к противоположным полюсам клетки. Шпиндель состоит из ниточных структур, называемых микротрубочками, которые состоят из мономеров белка тубулина. Микротрубочки шпинделя начинают расширяться в сторону сгущенных хромосом. Ядро, компонент ядра, который производит рибосомы, исчезает, что указывает на надвигающийся распад ядра.</p>

<h4>Прометафаза</h4>

<p>Во время прометафазы микротрубочки из шпиндельного аппарата продолжают расти, а хромосомы прекращают конденсироваться. Ядерный конверт полностью разрушается, высвобождая хромосомы. Некоторые из микротрубочек прикрепляются к высвобождаемым хромосомам, связываясь в белковой структуре под названием кинетохор, которая присутствует на центромере каждой пары сестринских хроматидов. Шпиндельные микротрубочки с противоположных полюсов прикрепляются к кинетохоресу и захватывают сжатые родственные хроматидные пары. Шпиндельные микротрубочки, которые не прикрепляются к хромосомам – полярным и астральным микротрубочкам – помогают раздвигать шпиндели на части и прикреплять шпиндельные столбы к клеточной мембране.</p>

<h4>Метафаза</h4>

<p>Микротрубочки шпинделя выравнивают каждую пару полностью сконденсированных сестринских хроматид вдоль экватора клетки – на метафазной пластине. Клетка теперь готова к разделению.</p>

<h4>Анафаза</h4>

<p>Микротрубочки от противоположных полюсов веретена, которые прикреплены к структуре кинетохор, укорачивают и разделяют сестринские хроматиды на центромере. Белки когезии, которые удерживают хроматиды вместе, теперь разрушаются. Укорочение микротрубочек кинетохор заставляет каждую хроматиду пары & mdash; теперь называемую хромосомами & mdash; мигрировать к противоположному полюсу.</p>

<h4>Телофаза</h4>

<p>Как только хромосомы достигают противоположных полюсов клетки, они депонируют и раскручиваются, чтобы сформировать хроматин. Шпиндельные микротрубочки деполимеризируются в мономеры тубулина, которые затем используются в качестве цитоскелетных элементов в клетках дочери. Ядерные оболочки собираются вокруг каждого набора хромосом.</p>

<h4>Цитокинез</h4>

<p>Во время цитокинеза в клетках животных, актиновые нити образуют контрактильные кольца в плазменной мембране, чтобы создать борозду расщепления, которая в конечном итоге расщепляет клетку на две части. В клетках растений пузырьки из аппарата Гольджи, несущие глюкозу, ферменты и структурные белки, соединяются, чтобы сформировать новую клеточную пластину в месте расположения бывшей метафазной пластины. Растущая клеточная пластина сливается с плазменными мембранами с каждой стороны, в конечном итоге образуя новую клеточной стенку, которая делит клетку на две части.</p>

<p>Митоз завершается генерацией двух дочерних клеток, которые идентичны родительской клетке. В большинстве клеток человека, митоз занимает около одного часа из примерно 24-часового клеточного цикла.</p>

У эукариот цикл деления клеток разделен на отдельные, скоординированные клеточные процессы, которые включают рост клеток, репликацию ДНК/хромосомы...

Education

JoVE Core

Биология

Cellular Processes

Клеточные процессы

Cell Cycle and Division

Клеточный цикл и деление клетки

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

cell cycle stages in mitosis

<p class="jove_content">Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these phases, and they give the cell time to prepare for replication and division.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Mitosis has five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis may begin during anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and it is part of the M phase but not part of mitosis. As mitosis begins in prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible with the help of condensin proteins. The spindle apparatus starts to form between the duplicated centrosomes, which move to opposite poles. This spindle is made of microtubules, which are built from tubulin proteins, and the nucleolus disappears as the nucleus prepares to break down.</p>

<p class="jove_content">During prometaphase, the chromosomes finish condensing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This releases the chromosomes into the cell. Some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, which are protein structures on the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Microtubules from opposite poles capture the sister chromatid pairs. Other microtubules, called polar and astral microtubules, help push the spindle poles apart and anchor them to the cell membrane.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In metaphase, the spindle microtubules line up each pair of fully condensed sister chromatids at the equator of the cell. This position is called the metaphase plate. The cell is then ready to divide. In anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The cohesion proteins that hold the chromatids together break down. Each chromatid is now a chromosome, and it moves toward an opposite pole.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense into chromatin. The spindle microtubules also depolymerize into tubulin monomers, which can be used again as cytoskeletal elements in the daughter cells. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, actin filaments form a contractile ring in the plasma membrane and create a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles carrying glucose, enzymes, and structural proteins join to form a cell plate at the former metaphase plate. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membranes on both sides and develops into a new cell wall. Mitosis is complete, and the result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. In most human cells, mitosis takes about one hour of the 24-hour cell cycle.</p>

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

positive regulator molecules

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cancer

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Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured.<br /><br />There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cell cycle leads to mitosis and cytokinesis, from DNA replication and spindle formation to chromosome separation and cell division.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.3

BIO.3.c

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

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BIO.6

BIO.6.A

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS1-4.

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Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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