Name: nervous system parts and control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is a Nervous System?

Нервная система позволяет человеку обнаруживать внешний мир и отвечать ему соответствующим образом. Кроме того, она управляет функциями от дыхания до аргументации. Эта система разделена на две части.Центральную нервную системы или ЦНС, которая содержит головной и спинной мозг, и периферийная нервную систему, ПНС, включающую в себя нервы, которые проходят между ЦНС и остальным телом. Мозг подразделяется на области, которые имеют разные функции, такие как обработка визуальной информации, или координации движений. Но она также сильно взаимосвязана с возможностью интеграции информации.Как и остальная нервная система, мозг состоит из нейронов, клеток, которые генерируют и передают нервные сигналы, и ГЛИА, клеток, которые поддерживают функционирование нервной системы. Под мозгом лежит спинной мозг, ткань ЦНС, который располагается вниз по позвоночному каналу. Он облегчает передачу сигналов между мозгом и ПНС, а также управляет некоторыми основными функциями такими, как-рефлексы.В ПНС нервы, пучки нервных аксонов это инструкции по передаче скелетным мышцам, для управления движением, и внутренним органам, чтобы регулировать автономные функции, такие как пищеварение. Нервы также несут сенсорную информацию от рецепторных клеток, например, находящихся в коже, которые сообщают о прикосновении ЦНС для анализа. озг, чтобы остановить процесс приёма пищи.

Пурвес, Дейл, Джордж Августин, Дэвид Фитцпатрик, Лоуренс К. Кац, Энтони-Сэмюэл ЛаМантия, Джеймс О. Макнамара и С. Марк Уильямс. "Нейронные системы." Нейронаука. 2-е издание, 2001. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11061/" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Что такое нервная система?

<h4>Обзор</h4>

Нервная система представляет собой систему специализированных клеток, ответственных за поддержание внутренней среды организма и координацию взаимодействия организма с внешним миром – от контроля основных функций, таких как частота сердечных сокращений и дыхание, до движения, необходимого для того, чтобы избежать опасности.

<h4>Части нервной системы</h4>

Нервная система позвоночных разделена на две основные части: центральная нервная система (ЦНС) и периферическая нервная система (PNS). ЦНС включает в себя мозг, спинной мозг и сетчатку – сенсорную ткань зрительной системы. PNS содержит сенсорные рецепторные клетки для всех других сенсорных систем, таких как сенсорные рецепторы в коже, а также нервы, которые несут информацию между ЦНС и остальной частью тела. Кроме того, часть ЦНС и PNS способствуют вегетативной нервной системы (также известный как висцеральной двигательной системы). Вегетативная нервная система контролирует гладкие мышцы, сердечные мышцы и железы, которые регулируют непроизвольные действия, такие как пищеварение.

Мозг позвоночных в основном делится на головной мозг, мозжечок и ствол мозга. Мозг является самой большой, самой выдающейся вперёд частью мозга, которая разделена на левое и правое полушария. Каждое полушарие далее делится на четыре доли: лобные, теменные, затылочные и височные. Внешний слой головного мозга называется корой, которая участвует в обработке сложной сенсорной информации и большинства когнитивных функций. Глубже внутри мозга лежат другие важнейшие компоненты, в том числе гиппокамп, гипоталамус, таламус и базальные ганглии. Мозжечок ("маленький мозг") расположен задней и ниже головного мозга и отвечает за координацию движения мышц. Ствол мозга соединяет мозг со спинным мозгом и имеет важные центры для жизненно важных функций, таких как дыхание и глотание.

 Спинной мозг лежит ниже головного мозга и переходит в ствол мозга. Он содержит тела нейронных клеток и пучки аксонов, которые соединяют мозг и различные части тела. Помимо того, что спинной мозг является важным каналом передачи информации, он может выполнять некоторые функции без участия мозга, такие как локомоция и другие рефлексы. Нервы ПНС передают двигательные команды от ЦНС к мышцам и сенсорную информацию от рецепторных клеток к ЦНС для интерпретации. Помимо движения скелетных мышц, нервы регулируют деятельность внутренних органов, таких как легкие и кишечник, через симпатические и парасимпатические отделы вегетативной нервной системы. 

<h4> Клетки нервной системы </h4>

 Нервную систему составляют два основных типа клеток: нейроны и глиальные клетки. Нейроны являются сильнейшим звеном в ЦНС - они отвечают за общение друг с другом и передачу информации от нервной системы к остальному телу. По оценкам, человеческий мозг содержит около 100 миллиардов нейронов и ошеломляющие 100 триллионов связей между ними. Они бывают разных морфологий и выполняют широкий спектр функций. Нейроны используют набор нейрохимических веществ и ионов для связи в соединениях, называемых синапсами. 

 Другой основной тип клеток нервной системы - это часть группы, называемой глиальными клетками. Они включают разнообразную группу клеток, которые вносят вклад в функцию нейронов и примерно равны числу нейронов в головном мозге. Основные типы глиальных клеток включают астроциты, микроглию, олигодендроциты и эпендимные клетки ЦНС; Шванновские клетки и сателлитные клетки находятся в PNS. 

<h4>Психическое здоровье является глобальной проблемой</h4>

Нервная система управляет практически каждым опытом, который у нас есть, и ее нарушение из-за травмы, болезни, генетики или воздействия вредных химических веществ может иметь серьезные последствия для здоровья и качества жизни. Психические заболевания, которые вытекают из таких последствий удивительно распространены во всем мире. Углубление нашего понимания неврологических и нейроразвития расстройств продолжает предоставлять потенциальные методы лечения и терапии для многих, кто страдает от психических заболеваний. Всемирная организация здравоохранения (W.H.O.) и Национальные институты психического здоровья (N.I.M.H) в США, среди прочих организаций, предоставляют ценные ресурсы как для изучения этих условий, так и для отслеживания их воздействия на общество.

Обзор

Нервная система представляет собой совокупность специализированных клеток, отвечающих за поддержание внутренней среды организма и координацию ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Биология

Human Biology

Биология человека

Nervous System

Нервная система

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

nervous system parts and control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger.

In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The PNS includes sensory receptor cells for the other sensory systems, such as touch receptors in the skin, and the nerves that carry information between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Part of both the CNS and PNS also contributes to the autonomic nervous system, also called the visceral motor system. This system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It helps govern involuntary actions such as digestion.

The vertebrate brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest and most anterior part of the brain. It has left and right hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The outer layer of the cerebrum is the cortex, which processes complex sensory information and many cognitive functions. Deeper brain regions include the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia.

The cerebellum, sometimes called the little brain, sits behind and below the cerebrum. It helps coordinate muscle movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains important centers for vital functions such as breathing and swallowing. The spinal cord lies below the brain and continues from the brainstem. It contains neuronal cell bodies and axon bundles that connect the brain with the body. It can also carry out some functions without input from the brain, including locomotion and other reflexes.

Nerves in the PNS carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and sensory information from receptor cells back to the CNS for interpretation. They also help regulate internal organs such as the lungs and intestines through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Two main cell types make up the nervous system: neurons and glial cells. Neurons carry information between nervous system regions and between the nervous system and the rest of the body. The human brain is estimated to contain about 100 billion neurons and about 100 trillion connections between them. Neurons come in many shapes and use neurochemicals and ions to communicate at synapses, which are junctions between cells.

Glial cells are the other major cell type. They support neuron function and are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. Major glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. In the PNS, Schwann cells and satellite cells perform related support roles.

Because the nervous system affects nearly every experience, damage from trauma, disease, genetics, or harmful chemicals can strongly affect health and quality of life. Problems in this system are linked to many mental health conditions around the world. Research on neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders continues to guide possible treatments and therapies. Organizations such as the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Mental Health help study these conditions and track their impact on society.

Nervous System Parts and Control

what is a nervous system?

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized system of blood vessels that helps control what enters the brain. It delivers nutrients from the blood while tightly regulating ions, molecules, pathogens, and other substances. This semipermeable barrier protects the brain and also makes it harder to deliver some therapies. The blood-brain barrier includes several cellular parts, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes. These cells share a common basement membrane and regulate movement between the...

neuron structure

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through a clear set of structures that let them receive, process, and pass on information. They are the main cells of the nervous system and use electrochemical signals to communicate. Neurons also talk to other cells through neurotransmitters at junctions called synapses. Most neurons share three main parts: a cell body, also called the soma, dendrites, and an axon. The soma holds the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function. Dendrites usually receive...

glial cells

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized,...

action potentials

How Nerve Signals Travel in Axons

Neurons send signals through action potentials, the rapid electrical changes that move along the axon. These signals lead to neurotransmitter release at axon terminals, which passes information through the nervous system. An action potential is an all-or-none change in membrane potential, the voltage across a cell membrane. A neuron usually has a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts. When it receives signals from neurotransmitters or sensory input, the membrane can become more...

the resting membrane potential

How Neurons Keep a Negative Resting Charge

Neurons keep a negative resting charge across their membrane. This electrical difference, called the membrane potential, comes from how ions move and how the membrane lets them pass. In a resting neuron, the inside is typically around -70 millivolts and is more negative than the outside, so the cell is polarized. Two main factors create this resting state. First, the membrane is selectively permeable, which means most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help from ion...

long-term potentiation

Synaptic Strengthening in Learning and Memory

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a form of synaptic strengthening in the brain. It changes the strength of chemical synapses over time between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. LTP works against long-term depression, or LTD, which weakens synapses. Together, LTP and LTD are major mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTP can happen when a presynaptic neuron fires again and again and keeps stimulating a postsynaptic neuron. This is called Hebbian LTP, based on Donald Hebb’s idea that neurons...

long-term depression

Synaptic Pruning in Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is a form of synaptic plasticity that weakens chemical synapses over time. It acts between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation, or LTP, which strengthens synapses. Together, LTD and LTP are two of the main mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTD helps the brain avoid staying locked in a fully strengthened state. If synapses were always maximally strengthened, the brain would become less efficient and it would...

the synapse

How Neurons Signal at Synapses

Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nervous system is organized, how neurons and glial cells work, and how the brain, spinal cord, and nerves control body functions.

Nervous System Parts and Control | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Characteristics of Life

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Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

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What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Nucleic Acids

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RNA Structure

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Types of RNA

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Conservation of Protein Domains

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

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Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

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Protein-Protein Interfaces

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Conserved Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

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Overview of Human Digestion

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Accessory Organs

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Lipid Digestion

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Protein Digestion

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

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Oogenesis

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What is a Sensory System?

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Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

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An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

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Homeostasis
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Measuring Blood Pressure
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Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
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Blood Flow

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Blood Withdrawal I

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Kidney Structure

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Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
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What is the Immune System?

Overview

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Bone Remodeling

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Spermatogenesis

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Bone Structure

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Breathing

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Nervous System Parts and Control

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