Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

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Life Science

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

парасимпатическая нервная система восстанавливает тело во время покоя, когда угрозы отсутствуют, и часто называется системой отдыха и переваривания"Это один из основных разделов вегетативной нервной системы, которая управляет непроизвольными функциями, регулируя деятельность гладкой мускулатуры внутренних органов, сердечной мышцы в сердце и некоторых желёз, таких как слюнные железы. Когда парасимпатическая нервная система активна, сигналы от преганглионарных нейронов в стволе мозга и крестцового отдела спинного мозга отправляется в ганглии, кластеры нейронных клеточных тел, в периферической нервной системе рядом с органами или железами, которые контролируются ими. Здесь сообщение передаётся к постганглионарным нейронам, которые обычно используют нейротрансмиттер ацетилхолин для регулирования активности целевых тканей.Например, они снижают частоту биений сердца, расслабляют тело, и стимулируют мышечное сокращение в кишечнике и мочевом пузыре, поощряя пищеварение и экскрецию. В результате, парасимпатическая система помогает восстановить энергоснабжение и поддерживать гомеостаз тогда, когда тело может отдохнуть.

Стюарт, Джулиан М. "Распространенные синдромы ортостатической непереносимости." Педиатрия 131, No5 (май 2013): 968–80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Парасимпатическая нервная система

<h4>Обзор</h4>

Парасимпатическая нервная система является одним из двух основных отделов вегетативной нервной системы. Эта парасимпатическая система отвечает за регулирование многих бессознательных функций, таких как пульс и пищеварение. Он состоит из нейронов, расположенных как в головном мозге, так и в периферической нервной системе, которые отправляют свои аксоны на мышцы, органы и железы.

<h4>Система "Отдых и дайджест"</h4>

Активация парасимпатической системы, как правило, имеет расслабляющее воздействие на организм, способствуя функции, которые пополняют ресурсы и восстановить гомеостаз. Поэтому иногда его называют системой «отдых и переваривание». Парасимпатическая система преобладает в спокойные времена, когда безопасно выделять ресурсы на основные функции "домашнего хозяйства" без угрозы нападения или вреда.

<h4>Управление парасимпатической системой</h4>

Парасимпатическая нервная система может быть активирована различными частями мозга, включая гипоталамус. Преганглионные нейроны в стволе мозга и сакральной части спинного мозга сначала отправляют свои аксоны в ганглии -кластеры нейрональных клеток органов - в периферической нервной системе. Эти ганглии содержат связи между до- и постганглионные нейроны и расположены рядом с органами или железами, которые они контролируют. Отсюда постганглионные нейроны отправляют свои аксоны на ткани-мишени – как правило, гладкие мышцы, сердечную мышцу или железы. Как правило, нейромедиатор ацетилхолин используется для регулирования деятельности этих целей.

Активация парасимпатической системы вызывает различные эффекты на организм. Это снижает сердечный ритм и заставляет зрачков сжиматься, восстанавливая тело в более расслабленном состоянии. Он также стимулирует пищеварение и выделение, например, путем содействия слюноотделение, перистальтические сокращения в желудке и кишечнике, и сокращение мочевого пузыря, чтобы изгнать мочу. Это помогает восстановить запасы энергии, вызывая поджелудочной железы, чтобы выделяет больше инсулина. Наконец, он даже способствует размножению за счет увеличения притока крови к половым органам.

<h4>Стоя</h4>

Контроль сердечного ритма и кровотока имеет важное значение даже для повседневных задач, таких как стоя. Люди, которые страдают от ортостатической непереносимости (ОИ) могут испытывать хроническую легкомысленность и обморок от простого акта попасть в вертикальной позе, называется ортостаз. Вегетативная нервная система контролирует необходимые изменения сосудов и сердечного ритма, когда мы участвуем в ортостазе. В частности, парасимпатическая система отвечает за сигналы, которые позволяют вазодилатации-расслабление мышц вокруг слизистой оболочки кровеносных сосудов- из мозговых артерий. Неправильная сигнализация парасимпатической нервной системы может привести к потере сознания из-за недостаточного притока крови к мозгу.

Обзор

Парасимпатическая нервная система является одним из двух основных отделов вегетативной нервной системы. Эта парасимпатическая система отвечает за ...

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Nervous System

Нервная система

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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