Name: sympathetic stress response and body changes
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

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HS-LS1-2

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Cимпатическая нервная система подготавливает тело к принятию мер во время угрозы, стресса или волнения, включая активацию режима бей или беги"Это один из основных разделов вегетативной нервной системы, который управляет непроизвольными функциями, регулируя деятельность гладкой мышцы внутренних органов, сердечной мышцы в сердце, и некоторых желёз, таких как потовые железы. Когда симпатическая нервная система активирована, преганглионарные нейроны в грудной клетке и поясничном отделе спинного мозга посылают сигналы к периферической нервной системе. Некоторые посылают свои сигналы к цепи ганглиев, кластерам нейронных клеток которые идут вниз, сбоку от спинного мозга.Отсюда постганглионарные нейроны передают сигнал на целевые ткани, вызывая реакцию, например по мере увеличения скорости биения сердца и сужения кровеносных сосудов, увеличение количества крови в мышцах. Другие преганглионарные нейроны посылают сигналы к постганглионарным нейронам в ганглиях, близких к их целевым органам, там, где они имеют эффект, такой как ингибирование пищеварения в желудке и секретирования из мочевого пузыря, процессов, которые имеют низкий приоритет во время стресса. Третья группа нейронов преганглионарные отправляется непосредственно в надпочечную железу, где они стимулируют производство гормонов, таких как эпинефрин, которые служат посредником при ответе на стресс всего тела.

Макьюэн, Брюс С. и Джон Х. Моррисон. "Мозг о стрессе: уязвимость и пластичность префронтальной коры на протяжении всей жизни." Нейрон 79, No1 (10 июля 2013 г.): 16–29. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Симпатическая нервная система

<h4>Обзор</h4>

Симпатическая нервная система - один из двух основных отделов вегетативной нервной системы - активируется во время стресса. Она готовит тело к ответу на вызовы сложных обстоятельств, замедляя при этом основные функции организма, такие как пищеварение, которые являются более низким приоритетом на данный момент.

<h4> Тема & ldquo; Сражайся или беги & rdquo; Система </h4>

 Будучи студентом, вы, возможно, однажды, войдя в класс, обнаружили неожиданный экзамен, к которому не готовились. В момент осознания вы можете почувствовать, как у вас сжимается живот, во рту пересыхает, а сердце внезапно начинает биться быстрее. Это признаки того, что симпатическая система начинает готовиться к реакции. Хотя вы можете и не подвергаться непосредственной опасности, система эволюционировала, чтобы облегчить немедленную реакцию на стресс или угрозы: кровь направляется от пищеварительной системы и кожи, чтобы увеличить снабжение мышц энергией. Кроме того, увеличивается частота сердечных сокращений и кровоток, а зрачки расширяются для максимального визуального восприятия. В то же время надпочечники выделяют адреналин в систему кровообращения. Теперь ваше тело готово к действию, будь то быстрое бегство от опасности или борьба с любой угрозой, которая может быть под рукой. 

<h4> Контроль над симпатической системой </h4>

 Симпатическая нервная система может активироваться различными частями мозга, при этом гипоталамус играет особенно важную роль. Симпатические инструкции из центральной нервной системы отправляются преганглионарными нейронами грудного и поясничного отделов спинного мозга в периферическую нервную систему, где они оказывают свое окончательное воздействие через три основных пути. 

Первый путь включает в себя преганглионные нейроны, которые соединяются с близлежащей цепью ганглиев -кластеров нейрональных клеток органов, которая проходит вдоль каждой стороны позвоночника, часто называют симпатической цепи. Здесь, сигнал активирует постганглионные нейроны, которые путешествуют в целевые органы или железы, чтобы регулировать их функции. Их последствия включают расширение зрачка, позволяя больше света, чтобы войти в глаза; расслабление дыхательных путей , принося больше кислорода, и сужение кровеносных сосудов и увеличение сердечного ритма-толкая больше крови к мышцам.

Во втором пути преганглионные нейроны посылают сигналы ганглиям дальше от спинного мозга, рядом с органами-мишенями. Здесь они активируют постганглионные нейроны, которые контролируют деятельность таких органов, как желудок, поджелудочная железа, печень, кишечник, мочевой пузырь и гениталии. Эффекты этого пути включают ингибирование пищеварения и мочеиспускания, и стимулирование оргазмов.

В третьем пути, небольшая группа преганглионических нейронов путешествует от спинного мозга непосредственно к надпочечнику, где они стимулируют секрецию гормонов эпинефрина и норадреналина в кровоток, помогая опостоядать стресс ответ по всему телу.

<h4>Хронический стресс</h4>

Симпатическая нервная система эволюционировала, чтобы позволить животным наилучшим образом реагировать на непосредственные угрозы, такие как внезапная встреча с хищником или соперником. В то время как люди оставили большинство из этих первобытных страхов позади, симпатическая система организма все еще может реагировать на стрессовые ситуации таким же образом, как при столкновении с жестокой кошкой саванны. Это включает в себя высвобождение гормонов эпинефрина, также называемых адреналином, и кортизола.

В нормальных условиях система ненадолго активируется, и эти гормоны долго не присутствуют в кровеносной системе. Тем не менее, современные стрессоры в нашей повседневной жизни могут чрезмерно активировать эту систему и подвергать тело в течение более длительных периодов времени, которые могут иметь изнурительные последствия. Они могут включать беспокойство, депрессия, болезни сердца, увеличение веса, и расстройства сна. Требования университетской жизни могут быть сложными, поэтому крайне важно заниматься здоровым управлением стрессом. Некоторые стратегии для управления стрессом включают здоровое питание, получение достаточного количества сна, поддержание социальных отношений, и ищет профессиональную консультацию, когда это необходимо.

Обзор

Симпатическая нервная система — один из двух основных отделов вегетативной нервной системы — активируется во время стресса. Оно...

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ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

sympathetic stress response and body changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold.

This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system and skin and sends more energy to muscles. It also raises heart rate and blood flow, and it dilates the pupils to improve vision. At the same time, the adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the blood. The body is then ready to flee or fight.

The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by parts of the brain, especially the hypothalamus. Its signals start in preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and then travel through the peripheral nervous system. These signals follow three main pathways to reach organs and glands.

In the first pathway, preganglionic neurons connect to a nearby chain of ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies along each side of the spinal column. This chain is often called the sympathetic chain. The signal then activates postganglionic neurons, which act on target organs and glands. Their effects include pupil dilation, airway relaxation for more oxygen, and blood vessel constriction with a faster heart rate to move more blood to muscles.

In the second pathway, preganglionic neurons send signals to ganglia that are farther from the spinal cord and closer to the target organs. These postganglionic neurons control organs such as the stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines, bladder, and genitals. Their effects include slowing digestion and urination, and they can also stimulate orgasms.

In the third pathway, a small group of preganglionic neurons goes directly from the spinal cord to the adrenal gland. This triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These hormones help spread the stress response through the body.

The sympathetic nervous system evolved to help animals handle immediate threats, such as a predator or rival. Humans still use the same response during stressful events, and it can involve epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and cortisol. Under normal conditions, this reaction is brief. But modern stress can keep the system active for too long, which may lead to anxiety, depression, heart disease, weight gain, and sleep disorders. Healthy stress management can include good food, enough sleep, social support, and professional counseling when needed.

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

sympathetic-stress-response-and-body-changes

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the sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

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key terms and concepts

Explore how the sympathetic nervous system triggers fight-or-flight body changes, from pupil dilation and faster heart rate to adrenal hormone release and stress control.

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Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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