Name: spinal cord structure and dermatomes
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:49:14.000Z
Duration: 1 min 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.25

The Spinal Cord

- Спинной мозг представляет собойскопление плотной нервной ткани цилиндрической формыи включает в себя часть центральной нервной системы,передавая афферентную сенсорную информациюот периферии к мозгуи эфферентную моторную информациюот мозга к периферии. 
В поперечном разрезе серое веществовнутренней части спинного мозгаимеет форму бабочки. 
Передние рога серого вещества содержат двигательные нейроны. 
Оно окружено белым веществом со скоплениями аксоновс восходящими и нисходящими путями. 
В середине находится центральный канал,который содержит спинномозговую жидкость,питающую нервную ткань. 
Сам спинной мозг окружен мембранами,спинальной оболочкой, включающей твердую мозговую оболочку. 
Соединенный с головным мозгом стволовой частью,спинной мозг проходит через большое затылочное отверстиеи ряд позвонков,заканчиваясь на поясничном уровне L1,2и образует длинный пучок нервов,который зовется "конским хвостом". 
Он подразделяется на уровни или отделы,определяющиеся положением позвонковс парными спинальными нервами. 
Например, шейный отдел позвоночника (от С2 до С7)соответствует нервам, отвечающим за шею,плечи, руки и кисти. 
На каждом позвонке пары нервных корешков протягиваютсячерез позвоночное отверстие в отдельные ветви. 
Вентральный корешок отвечает за мышцыи контролирует движения,а дорсальный корешок отвечает за иннервацию кожии передачу ощущений. 
Каждый участок кожи питается от определенного спинальногонерва - дерматома, и изображен на карте дерматом. 
Эти карты помогают врачам понять,где именно находится источник боли иликожного заболевания.

Хохман, Шон. "Спинной мозг." Current Biology 17, No22 (20 ноября 2007 г.): R950–55. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.014" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Ахуджа, Кристофер С., Сатоши Нори, Линдси Тетро, Джефферсон Уилсон, Брайан Квон, Джеймс Харроп, Дэвид Чой и Майкл Г. Фелингс. «Травматическое повреждение спинного мозга — восстановление и регенерация». Нейрохирургия 80, No 3S (1 марта 2017 г.): S9–22. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyw080" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Спинной мозг

Спинной мозг - это главный нервный тракт центральной нервной системы, который передает афферентную сенсорную информацию от периферии к мозгу и эфферентную моторную информацию от мозга к телу. Спинной мозг человека располагается между отверстием в основании черепа (большим затылочным отверстием) и уровнем первого или второго поясничного позвонка. 

<h4> Вид в разрезе </h4>

 Спинной мозг имеет цилиндрическую форму и содержит как белое, так и серое вещество. В центре находится центральный канал, который является остатком просвета примитивной нервной трубки и является частью внутренней системы полостей спинномозговой жидкости. На поперечном срезе серое вещество, окружающее центральный канал, имеет форму бабочки. 

 Крылья бабочки делятся на спинные и брюшные рога. Задний рог содержит сенсорные ядра, передающие сенсорную информацию, а вентральный рог содержит двигательные нейроны, которые дают начало аксонам, иннервирующим скелетные мышцы. 

 Белое вещество окружает серое вещество и содержит большое количество миелинизированных волокон. Белое вещество состоит из продольных пучков, называемых дорсальными, боковыми и вентральными столбиками. Спинной мозг окружают три мембраны: мягкая мозговая оболочка плотно прилегает к поверхности спинного мозга, за ней следует паутинная оболочка, а твердая мозговая оболочка - жесткая внешняя оболочка. 

<h4> Организация </h4>

 Спинной мозг разделен на четыре различных участка и сегментирован. Из пуповины выходит 31 пара нервов: восемь шейных, 12 грудных, пять поясничных, пять крестцовых и одна копчиковая. 

<h4> Дерматомы </h4>

 Каждый сегмент спинного мозга иннервирует разные области тела и представлен на коже в виде дерматома. Дерматом - это участок кожи, снабжаемый периферическим нервом, происходящим из одного ганглия дорзального корня. Клинически карты дерматома полезны для определения уровня поражения спинного мозга и локализации поражений корешков периферических нервов. Однако следует учитывать, что существует значительное изменение и перекрытие дерматомов соседних сегментов позвоночника. Хотя существует 31 пара спинномозговых нервов, дерматомов всего 30, поскольку у C1 обычно нет спинномозгового корешка, и поэтому первый дерматом соответствует C2.

Спинной мозг является основным нервным трактом центральной нервной системы организма, передающим афферентную сенсорную информацию от периферии к ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Биология

Human Biology

Биология человека

Musculoskeletal System

Опорно-двигательная система

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

spinal cord structure and dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural tube. It is part of the internal system of cerebrospinal fluid cavities. The gray matter around it has a butterfly shape. Its dorsal horns contain sensory nuclei that relay sensory input, and its ventral horns contain motor neurons that send axons to skeletal muscle.

White matter surrounds the gray matter and contains many myelinated fibers. It is organized into longitudinal bundles called the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns. Three membranes protect the spinal cord. The pia mater lies directly on its surface, the arachnoid lies outside the pia, and the dura mater forms the tough outer sheath.

The spinal cord is divided into four regions and is organized in segments. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: eight cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral, and one coccygeal. Each segment connects to a specific part of the body.

These body maps are called dermatomes. A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a peripheral nerve from a single dorsal root ganglion. Dermatome maps help locate spinal cord lesions and peripheral nerve root lesions. The pattern is not exact, because adjacent dermatomes can overlap and vary. Although there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, there are only 30 dermatomes, since C1 usually has no spinal root and the first dermatome is C2.

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

what is the skeletal system?

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

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bone structure

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skeletal muscle anatomy

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classification of skeletal muscle fibers

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muscle contraction

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cross-bridge cycle

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motor units

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the spinal cord

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore spinal cord structure, gray and white matter, spinal nerve regions, and dermatomes with a clear high school biology focus.

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Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

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