Name: how sunlight shapes daily weather
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:42.000Z
Duration: 1 min 7 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.5.2

What is Weather?

Под погодой подразумевают условия, наблюдающиеся в атмосфере в течение непродолжительных периодов времени, которые находятся под влиянием взаимодействия между солнцем, атмосферой, океаном и землёй. Солнечная энергия входит в атмосферу и поглощается земной поверхностью и водой на ней, которые затем излучают инфракрасное термическое излучение, нагревая воздуха. Менее плотный тёплый воздух рядом с поверхностью Земли поднимается, создавая вертикальные потоки в верхнюю атмосферу, где давление ниже.В результате воздух становится прохладным и более плотным, поэтому он снова опускается так происходит процесс, называемый конвекционной циркуляцией. Этот локальный атмосферный процесс, в сочетании с динамическим наклоном Земли к солнцу, создаёт перепады давления, атмосферной температуры, и осадки в виде дождя каждый день, неделю и месяц. Таким образом, эти факторы варьируются, и, в зависимости от того, где на поверхности Земли вы находитесь, погода отличается.

Эттема, Дик, Маргарета Фриман, Ларс Э. Олссон и Томми Герлинг. «Влияние сезона и погоды на настроение и удовлетворенность путешествием, связанные с путешествиями». Frontiers in Psychology 8 (6 февраля 2017 г.). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00140" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Что такое погода?

<h4> Обзор </h4>

 Погода - это текущее состояние атмосферных условий в определенное время и в определенном месте. Погода носит временный характер и находится под влиянием взаимодействия между солнцем, атмосферой (газы вокруг Земли), гидросферой (водные объекты Земли) и геосферой (наземная часть Земли). Поскольку все эти факторы различаются в зависимости от местоположения и времени, на всей планете можно наблюдать разную погоду. 

<h4> Солнечная радиация и парниковый эффект </h4>

 Солнечное излучение проникает в атмосферу и взаимодействует с поверхностными водами и сушей. Эти поверхности излучают энергию в виде теплового излучения или тепла, нагревая воздух. Тепло либо уходит через атмосферу обратно в космос, либо задерживается в атмосфере определенными атмосферными газами - непрерывно нагревая планету. Такое удержание тепла в атмосфере называется парниковым эффектом. Так называемые парниковые газы сохраняют больше тепла, чем другие газы. 

 Теплый воздух менее плотный, чем холодный, поэтому теплый воздух поднимается вверх. Поднимающийся воздух создает вертикальные потоки в верхние слои атмосферы, которые имеют более низкое атмосферное давление. По мере удаления от источника теплового излучения воздух начинает охлаждаться, становится плотнее и снова падает. Этот процесс известен как конвекционная циркуляция. 

<h4> Погода за день </h4>

 Погода обычно описывается шестью параметрами, среди которых: температура, атмосферное давление, ветер, влажность, осадки и облачность. Метеорологи измеряют эти условия и предсказывают погоду в ближайшем будущем на основе тенденций прошлых наблюдений. Например, атмосферное давление отражает вес атмосферы. Высокое давление обычно связано с более прохладными температурами и ясным небом, а низкое давление связано с более теплой погодой и штормами. Наблюдение за падением или повышением атмосферного давления позволяет метеорологам делать краткосрочные прогнозы, следует ли вам взять с собой зонтик или ожидать солнечный день. 

<h4> Экстремальные погодные явления </h4>

 К экстремальным погодным явлениям относятся волны тепла, холода, ураганы, торнадо, засухи и наводнения. Эти события часто происходят внезапно, и поэтому их труднее предсказать. Экстремальные погодные явления обычно описываются применительно к условиям, наблюдаемым в историческом распределении для данного местоположения. Используя эти исторические данные, исследования показали, что антропогенное изменение климата привело к увеличению частоты и интенсивности суточных экстремальных температур и осадков. Кроме того, климатические модели показывают, что с изменением климата Земля будет испытывать более экстремальные погодные условия, такие как постоянные экстремальные погодные явления летом в северных широтах.

Обзор

Погода относится к текущему состоянию атмосферных условий в определенное время и в определенном месте. Погода носит временный характер и зависит от ...

Education

JoVE Core

Биология

Ecology

Экология

Biodiversity and Conservation

Биоразнообразие и охрана природы

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

how sunlight shapes daily weather

Weather is the current state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is temporary and changes from one location to another. Weather is shaped by the interaction of the sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

Solar radiation reaches Earth and interacts with water and land. These surfaces release that energy as thermal radiation, or heat, which warms the air above them. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases. This heat retention is called the greenhouse effect, and greenhouse gases hold more heat than other gases.

Warm air is less dense than cold air, so it rises. As it rises into areas of lower atmospheric pressure, it cools, becomes denser, and falls again. This movement creates convection circulation, which helps move heat through the atmosphere.

Daily weather is measured using six main factors: temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness. Meteorologists track these conditions and use past observations to predict short-term weather changes. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air above us. High pressure is often linked to cooler temperatures and clear skies, while low pressure is often linked to warmer weather and storms. A rise or drop in pressure can help weather forecasters decide whether to expect sunshine or bring an umbrella.

Extreme weather events include heat waves, cold waves, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods. These events can happen suddenly, so they are harder to predict than day-to-day weather. Scientists describe them using historical records for a specific place. Research shows that human-caused climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of some daily temperature and precipitation extremes. Climate models also suggest more extreme weather in the future, including persistent summer extremes in northern latitudes.

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather

what is weather?

Weather is the current state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It is temporary and changes from one location to another. Weather is shaped by the interaction of the sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Solar radiation reaches Earth and interacts with water and land. These surfaces release that energy as thermal radiation, or heat, which warms the air above them. Some of that heat escapes back into space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases. This heat retention is...

global climate change

Ancient Clues to Climate Change

Ancient climate clues help scientists track global climate change. Paleoclimatology is the study of climate conditions in Earth’s past and the causes and effects behind them. By comparing recent climate patterns with older records, researchers can find strong evidence for human-caused warming. Earth’s climate has changed many times over its 4.5 billion year history. In the last 650,000 years, there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat. The most recent ice age ended more than...

what is biodiversity?

Biodiversity Across Genes, Species, and Ecosystems

Biodiversity is the variety of living things at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It includes not only how many kinds of organisms exist, but also how they are related and how they interact with the world around them. Species diversity spans the full evolutionary tree. It includes single-celled prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea, as well as the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, and protists. About 1.75 million species have been identified so far, and scientists...

threats to biodiversity

How Humans Change Biodiversity

Human activity is changing biodiversity and pushing Earth toward a sixth extinction event. Earlier mass extinctions ended many species, and then new species spread into the changed environment. Today, the Holocene epoch is seeing a mass extinction linked to human actions, and it is often called the Anthropocene. Human numbers and human biomass show how large this impact has become. In 2019, the human population reached 7.7 billion and is projected to rise to 10 billion by 2060. By biomass,...

conservation of declining populations

Saving Species Through Population Recovery

Conservation of declining populations focuses on detecting a population drop, finding its cause, and stopping further loss. The goal is to prevent extinction by using scientific methods to identify the agents behind the decline. Once the cause is known, conservation teams can remove, oppose, or neutralize it. A common step is to test possible causes with a small trial group. If the cause is confirmed, the remaining animals may be moved to an unaffected area. When the population is too small or...

biodiversity and human values

Biodiversity in Food, Tools, and Medicine

Biodiversity supports human life through food, tools, medicine, and many other needs. Changes in the variety of species can also change the environment. Those environmental shifts can alter weather patterns and affect human civilizations. People have depended on biodiversity for agriculture since early human history. Agriculture began when ancestral humans found species that were good sources of food. At least 11,000 years ago, people started selecting plant and animal species to raise on...

what is conservation biology?

Protecting Biodiversity in Conservation Biology

Conservation biology is the science of protecting biodiversity and keeping ecosystems healthy. It looks at how living things, habitats, and human needs are connected. The goal is to preserve biodiversity so ecosystems can continue to function well. Healthy ecosystems provide people with important natural resources. These include food, medicines, and building materials. Ecosystems also deliver key services, such as cleaning air and water. Evidence shows that these services depend on...

what is climate?

Climate Patterns and Earth’s Energy Balance

Climate describes the usual weather conditions in a place over a long period of time. The idea is simple: climate is what you expect, while weather is what you get. Climate is shaped by geographic factors such as latitude, terrain, and how close an area is to bodies of water. Weather and climate are related, but they work on different time scales. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is the average pattern of weather over much longer periods. Because of...

sustainable development

Protecting Oceans for Sustainable Development

Sustainable development depends on protecting oceans while meeting human needs. As the human population grows and uses more resources, people must stay aware of the planet’s natural limits. The goal is to improve life now without taking away the resources future generations will need. Long-term sustainability depends on understanding how human actions affect ecological systems. Oceans are a major part of this balance. They provide food for people, produce much of the atmosphere’s oxygen, and...

conservation of small populations

Saving Small Populations with Genetic Diversity

Small populations can be hard to save because they often lose genetic diversity. When variation is low, a species has fewer traits that may help it adapt to climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. That makes extinction more likely. Large populations usually have a better chance of surviving new stresses. They are more likely to include individuals with genetic variants that are helpful in changing conditions. Small populations are much less likely to contain this kind...

habitat fragmentation

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Habitat fragmentation breaks one continuous habitat into smaller, separate patches. Human land conversion is a major cause of this change, and slower geological shifts in the physical environment can also fragment habitats. The process usually follows the same stages: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition. Perforation and dissection often begin during land development. Perforation happens when undeveloped land is cleared for something like a home, and dissection...

key terms and concepts

Learn how solar radiation, the greenhouse effect, convection, and air pressure shape daily weather, plus why extreme weather is harder to predict.

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

How Sunlight Shapes Daily Weather

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